1. HW # 80- Make cookies for the Cookie Mutation Lab Warm up What are the different types of mutations? How are mutations related to evolution? Place your warm up in the center of the table. Place your Lab Evidence Packet (with the essay rubric) in the center of the table. π day will be on THURSDAY 3/14 Week 24, Day Four

2. Warm up Response Substitution Removal Addition Evolution is change over time. Changes MAY happen as a result of genetic mutation.

3. Homework Response/Check Did you complete your essay? What about your Evolution Time line?

4. Evolution and Genetic Mutation

5. Mutations

6. What Are Mutations? Changes in the nucleotide sequence of DNA May occur in somatic cells (aren’t passed to offspring) May occur in gametes (eggs & sperm) and be passed to offspring

7. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? Mutations happen regularly Almost all mutations are neutral Chemicals & UV radiation cause mutations Many mutations are repaired by enzymes

8. Are Mutations Helpful or Harmful? Some type of skin cancers and leukemia result from somatic mutations Some mutations may improve an organism’s survival (beneficial)

9. Types of Mutations

10. Chromosome Mutations May Involve: – Changing the structure of a chromosome – The loss or gain of part of a chromosome

11. Chromosome Mutations Five types exist: – Deletion – Inversion – Translocation – Nondisjunction – Duplication

12. Deletion Due to breakage A piece of a chromosome is lost

13. Inversion Chromosome segment breaks off Segment flips around backwards Segment reattaches

14. Duplication Occurs when a gene sequence is repeated

15. Translocation Involves two chromosomes that are not homologous Part of one chromosome is transferred to another chromosomes

16. Translocation

17. Nondisjunction Failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis Causes gamete to have too many or too few chromosomes

19. Chromosome Mutation Animation

21. Gene Mutations Change in the nucleotide sequence of a gene May only involve a single nucleotide May be due to copying errors, chemicals, viruses, etc.

22. Types of Gene Mutations Include: – Point Mutations – Substitutions – Insertions – Deletions – Frameshift

23. Point Mutation Change of a single nucleotide Includes the deletion, insertion, or substitution of ONE nucleotide in a gene

24. Point Mutation Sickle Cell disease is the result of one nucleotide substitution Occurs in the hemoglobin gene

25. Frameshift Mutation Inserting or deleting one or more nucleotides Changes the “reading frame” like changing a sentence Proteins built incorrectly

26. Frameshift Mutation Original: – The fat cat ate the wee rat. Frame Shift (“a” added): – The fat caa tat eth ewe era t.

27. Amino Acid Sequence Changed

28. Gene Mutation Animation

29. Explain Cookie Mutation Lab