Download presentation
Presentation is loading. Please wait.
Published byImogen Kelley Modified over 8 years ago
1
An Introduction to Examination of the EYE CSP 06.02.01
2
Components Inspection Visual acuity Visual fields Extraocular muscles Pupillary rxns Ophthalmoscopy Special tests
3
Normal Fundus IDENTIFY –optic disc –vascular arcades –macula (fine & colour vision, reading & depth perception)
4
Fundal Abnormalities atrophy of the retina pigmentation abnormalities deposits optic nerve abnormalities glaucoma optic atrophy retinal vessel abnormalities
5
The Retina The RETINA is an extension of the CNS & is a transparent multi-layered organ derived from the embryonic optic disc cup. RPE - retinal pigment epithelium Neuroretina
6
Retina reflection of systemic disease hard exudates - yellow/white deposits - arranged in rings - leakage of lipoproteins - diabetes, ht, retinal v. occlusion soft exudates - ‘cotton’ wool deposits - around infarcted areas - swelling of nerve fibre layer axons - may be assoc. with other features of retinal ischaemia DEPOSITS
7
Retina reflection of systemic disease Haemorrhages (NB diabetes & ht) superficial retinal:flame shaped deep:dark-red blots micro-aneurysms:similar to deep but smaller - dots preretinal:retina obscured, flat-topped fluid level vitreous:fundus hazy, abnormal red reflex choroidal:very dark red, large, wavy margins Retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, ischaemic optic neuropathy VESSEL ABNORMALITIES
8
Hypertensive Retinopathy Vessel walls thicken in chronic hypertension and lead to diffuse/segmental narrowing of the arteriolar blood column. Iarteriolar narrowing / silver wiring IIA-V nipping IIIflame-shape haemorrhages hard exudates cotton wool spots IVpapilloedema (swollen disc) = malignant hypertension
9
Gd III Ht RETINOPATHY
10
Gd IV Ht RETINOPATHY
11
COTTON WOOL SPOTS
12
Diabetic Retinopathy Background Pre-proliferative Proliferative Microangiopathy of DM affects the retinal capillaries resulting in widespread capillary non-perfusion.
13
BACKGROUND
15
PRE-PROLIFERATIVE Multiple cotton wool spots in preproliferative diabetic retinopathy Vascular loop in preproliferative diabetic retinopathy
16
PROLIFERATIVE
Similar presentations
© 2025 SlidePlayer.com. Inc.
All rights reserved.