1. Title - 1 Jun-16 Never does a man portray his character more vividly than when he is proclaiming the character of another…! Never does a man portray his character more vividly than when he is proclaiming the character of another…! Winston Churchill 1874-1965, Former British Prime Minister

2. Pathology An Introduction…. Dr. S.Sajjad Eghbali Assistant Professor of Pathology Bushrhr faculty of Medicine 2008

3. Title - 3 Jun-16 Pathology Clinical Bridging Subject Foundation

4. Title - 4 Jun-16 Medical Knowledge: Epidemiology – Where & When.. Etiology – What is the cause? Pathogenesis - Evolution of dis. Morphology - Structural Changes Clinical Significance – relate.. Management Prognosis Prevention Pathology

5. Title - 5 Jun-16 When we know “Where, Why, When & What, then we can answer the all important question How (to solve)

6. Title - 6 Jun-16 What is Disease? dis + ease (not at ease…) WHO def. Complete physical, mental and social well being not merely absence of disease… “Expression of discomfort due to structural or functional abnormality” What is normal ? “norm”

7. Title - 7 Jun-16 Disease Types: Inflammatory / Neoplastic / Degenerative Acute / Chronic –Acute – short days to weeks. –Chronic – long – months to years. Congenital / Familial / Acquired Genetic / Environmental/Multifactorial Mild / Moderate / Severe

8. Title - 8 Jun-16 Disease & Person: Physical / Mental Disease can cause Stress & stress causes disease. “Person is more important than disease” “Pat on the back” helps more often than medicine. – I care…!

9. Title - 9 Jun-16 Pathology “Scientific Study of Disease” Study of what is abnormal or wrong or disease…! Diagnosis of disease is the aim of clinical pathology Without diagnosis….treatment?…!

10. Title - 10 Jun-16 What is Diagnosis? The formal name(s) used to describe a patient’s disease. Based on the symptoms & Signs and the results of Pathology tests Needs Knowledge of different diseases, their characteristics. Important for management & knowing prognosis.

11. Title - 11 Jun-16 Pathology “Is the foundation of medical science and practice. Without pathology, the practice of medicine would be reduced to myths and folklore”

12. Title - 12 Jun-16 History of Pathology “animism” – Philosophies of Plato – God/devil Magic – Primitive thoughts Humors – Phlegm – excess/def – c300 Abiogenesis – Spontaneous – to c1800 Environmental – Modern - from 1850. Genetic – Molecular – from 20 th century

13. Title - 13 Jun-16 Past and Present….! In the past,.. people mistook magic for medicine…! Now people mistake medicine for magic….!

14. Title - 14 Jun-16 Scope of Pathology Clinical Pathology Experimental Pathology Molecular Pathology Forensic Pathology Chemical / Microbiology Immunopathology Genetics & Disease.

15. Title - 15 Jun-16 Subdivisions of Pathology: Histopathology Cytopathology Haematology Microbiology Immunology Chemical Pathology Genetic Pathology Toxicology Forensic Pathology

16. Title - 16 Jun-16 Learning Pathology: General Pathology –Common changes in all tissues. E.g.. Inflammation, cancer, ageing. Systemic Pathology –Specific changes in organs. E.g.. Goiter, pneumonia, breast cancer.

17. Title - 17 Jun-16 One agent  One disease - Malaria Several agents  One disease - Diabetes One agent  Several diseases - Smoking Disease

18. Title - 18 Jun-16 Etiology: What is the cause? Environmental agents: –Physical –Chemical –Nutritional –Infections –Immunological –Psychological Genetic Factors: –Age –Genes Multifactorial:Diabetes,HypertensionCancer

19. Title - 19 Jun-16 Causes of cell injury and disease Oxygen deprivation ( hypoxia, ischemia)Oxygen deprivation ( hypoxia, ischemia) Nutritional imbalancesNutritional imbalances Physical agentsPhysical agents Chemical agents and drugsChemical agents and drugs Infectious agentsInfectious agents Immunologic reactionsImmunologic reactions Genetic derangementsGenetic derangements

20. Title - 20 Jun-16 Pathogenesis: Development “Sequence of events in the response of cells & tissues to a stimulus/pathogen” starting from the initial stimulus to the ultimate expression of disease.” Gross and microscopic Structure, Function, Chemistry & molecular mechanisms.

21. Title - 21 Jun-16 Morphology: Structure Change Structural changes in disease. –Tumor in a cancer. –Ulcer in a infection. –Atrophy in dementia. Gross & Microscopic.

22. Title - 22 Jun-16 Clinical Significance: Patient Signs and symptoms are related to underlying pathology… –Why a malaria patient has fever? –Why not diarrhea? Prognosis of disease depends on inside pathology. What treatment is suitable for this patient? Is he going to recover or die soon?

23. Title - 23 Jun-16 Classification of Diseases: DevelopmentalDevelopmental – genetic, congenital. InflammatoryInflammatory – Trauma, infections, immune, etc. NeoplasticNeoplastic – tumors cancers DegenerativeDegenerative – ageing.

24. Title - 24 Jun-16 Pathology Summary: “Scientific Study of Disease” Scope of Pathology Subdivisions of Pathology Study of Pathology –Etiology: What causes disease?. –Pathogenesis : How does disease develop? –Morphology : Structural change in disease? –Clinical Significance: Link to clinical F?

25. Title - 25 Jun-16 I hear, I forget I see, I remember I do, I understand Chinese Proverb..

27. Title - 27 Jun-16