1. タイトル Toshiaki WATANABE, Yuki SATO Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. Shimonoseki City, Japan Hironori MAEHARA and Shigeru ITOH Shock Wave and Condensed Matter Research Center, Kumamoto Univ. Kumamoto City, Japan MULTIPHYSICS 2009 Lille, France 09-11 December 2009 Study on Promotion of Evaporating Cryogenic Fluids by Direct Contacting Normal Temperature Fluids and Generation of Ice

2. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 背景 1 Background of this study In recent years, demand of LNG and LH 2 is increasing These Fluids are stored under cryogenic temperature because of the advance of fuel cell device technology, hydrogen engine LNG and LH 2 the stream of consciousness for environmental agreement Cryogenic Fluids

3. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 背景 2 In Japan, ↑“MOTTAI-NAI” (wastefulness) are stored LNG-tank LNG evaporated by seawater are supplied to every home LNG are imported using LNG-Ship from foreign country Cooled seawater are thrown out to ocean On the other hand, as for fisheries as well, the need of the ice is high, as before, for keeping freshness of marine products in fisheries It was reported that seawater ice better than tap water ice from the view point of ability to keep freshness of raw fish.

4. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 背景 3 ＆コンテンツ We are planning to experiment for evaporating promotion of the cryogenic fluids contacted by normal temperature liquid without heat exchanger & generation of seawater ice 1. Observation result in the case of seawater jetting into LN 2 in the case of seawater dropping into LN 2 2. Experiment about the mass of natural evaporation 3. In the case of tap water dropping contact & jetting contact 4. In the case of seawater dropping contact & jetting contact Contents of presentation

5. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 01 Seawater jetting, 2ml LN 2 GN 2

6. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 02 Explosive boiling

7. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 03

8. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 04

9. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 05

10. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 06

11. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 07 GN 2 Spherical ice

12. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 08

13. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 09

14. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 10

15. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 11 Spherical ice spherical ice Cluster of

16. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体 12 spherical ice Generated

17. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Jet 全体とりあえず Direct contacting cryogenic fluids and normal temperature fluids Explosive boiling occur →Source of Shock Wave ? Phenomena is very confused Spherical ice & Cluster of spherical ice were generated →So, we carried out dropping experiment

18. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 01 LN 2 GN 2

19. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 02 droplet Seawater

20. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 03 droplet Seawater

21. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 04

22. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 05

23. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 06

24. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 07

25. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 08f Formed ice attached on the wall

26. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 09s droplet 1 st Seawater Continuously dropping

27. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 10 droplet Seawater

28. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 11

29. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 12

30. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 13 droplet 2 nd Seawater droplet 1 st Seawater

31. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 14

32. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 15 droplet 3 rd Seawater droplet 1 st Seawater droplet 2 nd Seawater

33. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 16

34. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 17

35. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 18

36. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 19 of ice Coalescence

37. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 20

38. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 21

39. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 22

40. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 23

41. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 24

42. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 25

43. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 26

44. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 27 GN 2 bubbles droplet Seawater

45. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 28

46. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 32

47. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 33

48. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 34

49. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 35

50. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 36

51. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Drop 界面 Droplet ice Seawater Covered with GN 2

52. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 見出し（蒸発促進） From the point of view of promotion of evaporating cryogenic fluids

53. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 実験装置 Outline of the experimental device Vacuum-insulating vessel Inner size:Φ80mm×140mm Test liquid Tap water Seawater Vacuum- insulating vessel Electric scale Droplet of test liquid Liquid nitrogen Cryogenic liquid LN 2

54. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 滴下と噴射 Jetting Dropping These experiments carried out at the room temperature, therefore, it has the mass of evaporation that is characteristic of the container due to the time progress without contact of the test liquid.

55. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 自然蒸発 Evaporation mass-time history without contact of the normal temperature test liquid Evaporated liquid nitrogen formed gas layer between the atmosphere and the liquid nitrogen and this gas layer may play the part of the insulation. This gas layer makes the mass of natural evaporation decrease. This result of the mass of natural evaporation that is characteristic of this container is used for the estimation of the pure mass of evaporation by test liquid contact in the case of dropping and jetting experiments. Natural evaporation

56. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Tap drop Relationship between the height from droplet to vapor liquid interface and the mass of evaporation in the case of tap water dropping As height from droplet to vapor liquid interface rises, the dispersion of the mass of evaporation grows big. As for this, liquid droplet is to dive deeply by increasing of height after it contacts on liquid level. It considers that dispersion becomes easy to appear in the boiling aspect, time to dive gets long. Tap water dropping

57. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Tap jet Relationship between the height from nozzle to vapor liquid interface and the mass of evaporation in the case of tap water jetting In this case of jetting, contact area between liquid nitrogen and tap water grows bigger than that of the dropping case. So, the much mass of liquid nitrogen evaporates. The dispersion of the mass of evaporation is bigger than case of dropping. This dispersion is caused by the condition of the spray. As for the influence by the height from jetting nuzzle to level of liquid nitrogen, the mass of evaporation increase as height rises as well as the case of dropping. But, in case of this experiment, the evaporation mass decreased by more than 150mm height, because jetted tap water leaked out to the outside of the liquid nitrogen vessel. Tap water jetting

58. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Seawater drop Relationship between height from droplet to vapor liquid interface and the mass of evaporation in the case of seawater dropping There is almost no change in the mass of evaporation by changing a test liquid from the tap water to the seawater. But, the dispersion of the evaporation mass in the case of the seawater is smaller than that case of tap water. This results means that the mass of evaporation is stable in the case of seawater. Seawater dropping

59. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France Seawater jet Relationship between the height from nozzle to vapor liquid interface and the mass of evaporation in the case of seawater jetting In this case of seawater jetting, it is different from the case of tap water jetting, and doesn't have the influence of the height from nozzle to vapor liquid interface. Moreover, it is compared in case of tap water jetting, and dispersion is small. In the case of seawater, dispersion of the evaporated LN 2 mass is small and the influence of the height from nozzle to vapor liquid interface is small, comparing the case of tap water on the whole. We think that the visualization observation of the phenomenon is necessary to ascertain these reasons. Seawater jetting

60. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 見出し（氷生成） From the point of view of generation of ice

61. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 氷写真 tapdrop Photographs of the ice formed in case of tap water dropping Tap water dropping Formed ice

62. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 氷写真 tapjet Photographs of the ice formed in case of tap water jetting Tap water jetting Formed ice

63. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 氷写真 seadrop Photographs of the ice formed in case of seawater dropping Seawater dropping Formed ice

64. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 氷写真 seadrop Photographs of the ice formed in case of sea water jetting Seawater jetting Formed ice

65. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France ・ Observation in detail using high speed camera Coalescence of formed ice, collapse of boiling film, ・ Phenomena in the closed pressure vessel ・ Planning construction of system ・ Application to source of shock wave Future work instead of summary まとめ

66. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 空 Thank you for your attention !

67. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 空

68. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 試験液温度 Tap drop Relations between temperature of test liquid and the mass of evaporation in the case of tap water dropping As temperature of dropping tap water rises, the dispersion of the mass of evaporation grows big. It considers that this is because dispersion appears in the boiling aspect on the interface of liquid nitrogen to rise in temperature of dropping tap water. Temperature of test liquid

69. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France 試験液量 Tap jet Relationship between the mass of tap water and the mass of evaporation in the case of tap water jetting We tried to investigate an influence on the amount of evaporation due to a change in the amount of liquid of a normal temperature liquid to throw. The experiment that the amount of liquid was changed was done in the experiment of jetting, because the adjustment of the amount of dropping water was difficult with the experiment materials used in the dropping experiment. The height from jetting nuzzle to level of liquid nitrogen is 50mm in these experiments. As the mass of jetting tap water increase, obviously the mass of evaporated LN 2 increase, too. Amount of test liquid

70. Dept. of Ocean Mech. Eng., National Fisheries Univ. MULTIPHYSICS 2009, 09-11 December 2009 Lille, France We tried to examine it about the evaporating promotion of the cryogenic fluid in the method that contacted a cryogenic fluid and a normal temperature fluid directly by this research without using a heat exchange vessel. Though jetting contact can get the mass of evaporation, dropping contact is better than jetting contact in from the viewpoint of the stable control. Seawater is better than tap water from the viewpoint of the stable control. Conclusions まとめ