2. Particle-particle correlations produced by dynamical scatterer M. Moskalets Dpt. of Metal and Semiconductor Physics, NTU "Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute", Ukraine Keszthely, 2006

3. Pump is a source of entangled particles P.Samuelsson and M.Bűttiker, Phys.Rev.B 71, 245317 (2005) C.W.J.Beenakker, M.Titov, B.Trauzettel Phys.Rev.Lett. 94, 186804 (2005) A weak amplitude pump The current noise (CN) is a measure of non-classical correlations: - the BI’s can be formulated in terms of a CN; - the CN produced by the pump violates BI’s. An arbitrary amplitude pump (a projected state with exactly a single excited electron-hole pair) The entanglement entropy (of spins) for e-h pairs:  relates to CN at weak pumping  while it is unrelated to CN at strong pumping Thus a current noise (possibly) gives incomplete information about correlations produced by the pump

4. Our objectives 1.To explore correlations produced by the dynamical scatterer (a pump) at arbitrary in strength but slow driving 2.To establish a relation between the current noise and the particle- particle correlations at strong driving

5. pump The set-up T  = 0   =   = 1, 2,…, N r  = 1  = 2  = N r  = 3  = 4 S(t) = S(t+  )  = 2  /  All reservoirs are uncorrelated  incoming particles are uncorrelated

6. In a given set up stationary scatterer does not produce correlations while dynamical one (a pump) can produce (to illustrate it we analyze an outgoing state)

7. Outgoing state 1.The stationary case:E (in) = E (out) = E We will consider particles in states with definite energy E and describe them via the second quantization operators a(E) (for incoming particles) and b(E) (for out-going particles). Perhaps it is better to speak about incoming and out-going modes (single-particle states). However one can speak about the particles belonging to these states. NrNr NrNr Since all relevant incoming states are either filled (for E   ) or empty (for E >  ) then due to unitarity of scattering all out-going states are either filled or empty. Thus there are no correlations: it means that the probability for the state to be filled/empty is fixed: 1 or 0 (at zero temperature) uncorrelated  =1  =N r incoming particles out-going states The states with different E  E’ are statistically independent (therefore we consider the states with the same E) E

8. Outgoing state 2.The dynamical case: E (in)  E (out) = E (in) + nћ , n = 0,±1, ± 2,…, ± n max The states with E >  + n max ћ  / E <  - n max ћ  are fully empty/filled and thus irrelevant Therefore there are 2n max N r relevant state. But only 1/2 incoming states are filled 2n max   =1 ћћ n max N r incoming electrons 2n max N r out-going states The (particles belonging to the) partially filled states can be correlated E (in) single-particle occupations are shown

9. In general, the dynamical scatterer produces 2-, 3-,…, n max N r - particle correlations while what we see (the order of visible correlations) depends strongly on how we look at the system

10. Registered state 1. To obtain complete information about outgoing particles it is necessary to monitor all the relevant 2n max N r outgoing states which contain n max N r electrons 1 2 3 4 5 6 For instance, one can register the state with exactly a single excited electron-hole pair  3ћ  Such a (registered) state is a multi-electron (3-electron in our case) state. To characterize it we have to use a multi-electron joint probability which includes multi-particle correlations single-particle occupations are shown simultaneous occupations are shown In a presented case it is P(1 1 ;1 5 ;1 6 ) which includes 2-, and 3- electron correlations

11. Registered state 2. If we monitor only several (say 2) outgoing states we get incomplete description of a whole (multi-particle) outgoing state. However such a description is useful if only these states are in use. For instance, any 2-particle quantities, e.g. a current noise, “monitor” only the states in pairs. 1 4 Other states can be arbitrary occupied.(and contain 1, 2, 2, and 3 electrons, respectively ) Two-particle probabilities P(X 1 ;Y 4 ) include only 2-particle correlations. P(1 1 ;1 4 )P(0 1 ;1 4 )P(1 1 ;0 4 )P(0 1 ;0 4 ) 

12. Reduction of the order of correlations 1. A weak amplitude pump: n max = 1  the out-going state is an N r -electron state. N r = 2 N r0 : there are N r0 orbital channels and 2 spin channels. 2. Spin-independent scattering: the out-going state is a product of two (spin ,  ) n max N r0 -electron states. For weak pumping (n max = 1), spin-independent scattering, and for N r0 = 2 (two single channel leads) the out-going state is effectively a 2-electron state. Therefore, in this case the current noise represents all the correlations produced by the pump. Otherwise, the current noise represent only part of correlations. In a general case there are n max N r out-going electrons

13. To investigate particle-particle correlations we calculate a joint probability to find several out-going channels occupied and compare it to the product of occupation probabilities of individual channels The single-channel occupation probability is a one-particle distribution function. The joint multi-channel occupation probabilities are multi-particle distribution functions.

14. Single-particle distribution function S(t)   a  (E m ) b  (E n ) E n = E + nћ ,  < E <  + ћ  adiabatic driving: S F (E n,E m ) = S n-m (  ) (it is a sum of squared single-particle scattering amplitudes) incoming particles: out-going particles:

15. Two-particle distribution function   B ,  (E n,E m ) a two-particle operator: (the order is irrelevant) a two-particle distribution function (a joint probability): an electron-electron correlation function (a covariance): while incoming electrons are not correlated:

16. Electrical noise and two-particle correlations The zero-frequency current noise power produced by the pump at arbitrary driving amplitude can be expressed in terms of electron- electron (2-particle) correlations: The factor  /2  counts all the statistically independent sets of states within the interval 0 < E -  < ћ .

17. Multi-particle correlations i) a multi-particle (N-particle) operator: ii) a multi-particle distribution function in terms of N  N Slater determinants: P N = (n 1,n 2,…,n N ) is a permutation of integers from 1 to N. The cyclic permutations are excluded. iii) a multi-particle correlation function: (it is a sum of squared multi-particle scattering amplitudes)

18. Multi-particle correlations A generating function: Here: A pair correlator: The unit matrix:A diagonal matrix:

19. Multi-particle correlations A three-particle distribution function: The sign of correlations: stationarydriven 2-particle 3-particle -  ,  < 0 2, ,2, , 0 > <

20. Higher order current cumulants and multi-particle correlations Nth-order current correlation function (symmetrized in lead indices): (the sum runs over the set of all the permutations P N =(r 1,…r N ) of integers from 1 to N;  1 =0) The zero frequency current cross-correlator (different leads) can be expressed in terms of the N-particle correlation functions for outgoing particles:

21. Higher order current cumulants and multi-particle correlations The multi-particle correlation functions ( i.e., irreducible parts of multi-particle probabilities ) are the quantities which are directly related to the higher order current cumulants

22. ILIL IRIR V 1 (t)V 2 (t) Example: a resonant transmission pump

23. Single-particle distribution function weak pumping, a single-particle distribution function fLfL n = 0 n = -1 ћћ E- , ћ 

24. weak pumping, a single-particle distribution function - the dependence on  , 2  f L (n=0) f (h) L (n=-1)

25. strong pumping, a single-particle distribution function E- , ћ  fLfL I L  1e/cycle  =  /2 no dc current  = 0

26. strong pumping, a single-particle distribution function - the dependence on  f L (n=0) f (h) L (n=-1) , 2 

27. Two-particle correlations weak pumping, the dependence on  at transmission resonance , 2  f L,n=0 f (h) R,m=-1 f (1 L,n=0 ;0 R,m=-1 )

28. strong pumping, the dependence on  at transmission resonance , 2  f L,n=0 f (h) R,m=-1 f (1 L,n=0 ;0 R,m=-1 )

29. Three-particle correlations strong pumping, the dependence on , at transmission resonance , 2  ff (L,0; L,+1; R,-1)

30. strong pumping, the dependence on , at transmission resonance , 2  f L, 0 f L, +1 f (h) R, -1 f (1 L,0 ;1 L,+1 ;0 R, -1 ) + 2-particle correlations

31. Conclusion The current noise generated by the pump can be expressed in terms of two-particle correlations at arbitrary strength of a drive The N-particle distribution functions depends on multi- particle correlations up to Nth order The multi-particle correlations can be experimentally probed via the Nth-order cross-correlator of currents flowing into the leads attached to the pump