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Wonderful World of Stems
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Stinging Hairs Urtica dioica
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Dendrocnide excelsa Australian Stinging Tree, Dendrocnide excelsa
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Dicot vs. Monocot Stems
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Fibers (sclerenchyma)
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Vascular Bundles C.s. of a dicot vascular bundle
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Fibers for Stem Strength
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Vascular Cambium
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Vascular Cambium Secondary Xylem Secondary Phloem
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Axial and ray systems
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Annual growth rings Early wood larger cells Spring wood
Late wood smaller cells Summer wood
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Bristlecone Pine Dendrochronology dated one at 5,000 years old
(and counting!) 1,000 growth rings packed into just 13 cm. of wood
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Sequoia semperivirens
Tallest living organism (112 m.) – the ‘Mendocino Tree’ Weighs 1,600 tons (or 10 blue whales) Roots only 1.8 m. deep! Average Sequoia uses 1,100 L of water per day
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Castanea World’s fattest tree at 58 m. diam., found on Mt. Etna, Italy, the “Tree of One Hundred Horses”
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Secondary growth - bark
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Phellum (cork) (dead) Cork cambium Phelloderm (living) Epidermis fracturing, with periderm below
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Old periderm often called, “outer bark”
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Pine bark Eucalyptus bark
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Lenticels
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Girdling
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Softwood
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Hardwood
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Heartwood (inactive) Sapwood (active)
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Transverse = cross section
Radial + Tangential = longitudinal sections
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Wood Knots
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Wood grain
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Wood Density Guaiacum officinale
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Some plants grow tall without secondary growth:
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Stem types Stolon Rhizome Bulb Corm
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Stem Types Cladode Tendril Tuber
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