1. The New Millennium Agricultural Revolution Economic Expansion Church Reform Politics in Europe

2. Revolution in Agriculture By the end of the 13 th the technical level of medieval agriculture had far surpassed the ancients and the surplus allowed some peasants to engage in other work By the end of the 13 th the technical level of medieval agriculture had far surpassed the ancients and the surplus allowed some peasants to engage in other work The heavy plow (8 th from the east through the Slavs) The heavy plow (8 th from the east through the Slavs) The horse collar (9 th from the east) and horse shoes (9 th- from Celts??) ) allowed horses to be used- efficient The horse collar (9 th from the east) and horse shoes (9 th- from Celts??) ) allowed horses to be used- efficient Water mills and wind mills for grinding grain (12 th Europe) Water mills and wind mills for grinding grain (12 th Europe) Three field system (only 1/3 of land fallow) Three field system (only 1/3 of land fallow) Cultivation of virgin lands Cultivation of virgin lands Leads to tenant farming Leads to tenant farming By 1350 serfdom of peasants in France fell from 90% (1050) to only 10% By 1350 serfdom of peasants in France fell from 90% (1050) to only 10%

3. A Commercial Revolution Italians and Jews had kept trade alive throughout the early middle ages Italians and Jews had kept trade alive throughout the early middle ages By the 11 th century sea forces of Italian trading cities cleared Muslim fleets from the Mediterranean By the 11 th century sea forces of Italian trading cities cleared Muslim fleets from the Mediterranean Venice, Amalfi, Genoa, and Pisa grew into commercial capitols Venice, Amalfi, Genoa, and Pisa grew into commercial capitols Expanding population in the North created a huge market for Italian merchants to supply Expanding population in the North created a huge market for Italian merchants to supply A class of traders emerges A class of traders emerges Italy becomes the hub between the East and West Italy becomes the hub between the East and West

4. Medieval Trade

5. European Economy International Fairs International Fairs Lasted 3-6 weeks and lords protected merchants Lasted 3-6 weeks and lords protected merchants New banking practices, credit, venture capital, corporations and insurance would develop in Italy and spread north New banking practices, credit, venture capital, corporations and insurance would develop in Italy and spread north Fairs aided the rebirth of Northern towns Fairs aided the rebirth of Northern towns

6. Medieval Italy

7. Rebirth of Towns Town began emerging in the 11 th century and by the 12 th they were active centers of commerce and intellect Town began emerging in the 11 th century and by the 12 th they were active centers of commerce and intellect Surplus agriculture could support urbanization Surplus agriculture could support urbanization They emerged in places conducive to trade, outside fortified castles, monasteries, and surviving Roman sites They emerged in places conducive to trade, outside fortified castles, monasteries, and surviving Roman sites Cities were crowded and walled Cities were crowded and walled Guilds were developed to protect the interests of the trades Guilds were developed to protect the interests of the trades

8. Organization Because many towns were on land that belonged to lords or old Roman towns that belonged to bishops, these communities were first under feudal authority Because many towns were on land that belonged to lords or old Roman towns that belonged to bishops, these communities were first under feudal authority Townspeople (burghers) began obtaining charters to break from the feudal system and set up assemblies Townspeople (burghers) began obtaining charters to break from the feudal system and set up assemblies Towns became the first self-governed city-states since Greco-Roman days Towns became the first self-governed city-states since Greco-Roman days They also revived other old traditions like civic involvement and city feasts They also revived other old traditions like civic involvement and city feasts

11. The Rise of States Feudalism fostered local regionalism and the church’s dream of a Respublica Christiana almost came to fruition Feudalism fostered local regionalism and the church’s dream of a Respublica Christiana almost came to fruition But Europe would never again possess the same kind of spiritual unity But Europe would never again possess the same kind of spiritual unity Gradually people began to transfer their loyalty away from the Church or local lords to the king Gradually people began to transfer their loyalty away from the Church or local lords to the king