1. Proteins Chapter 5

2. Where are they found? In the cells of all organisms. In the cells of all organisms. Made up of amino acids. Made up of amino acids. Produced in the ribosome using DNA. Produced in the ribosome using DNA.

3. How are they produced? 1. Cell receives a signal to make a certain quantity of a specific protein. 2. A portion of DNA unwinds, exposing gene responsible for that protein. 3. mRNA enters nucleus & makes a copy of that gene sequence (transcription) 4. mRNA transports the copy to the ribosome—called a codon. 5. tRNA attaches complimentary base sequences to the mRNA sequence—called anticodon (translation) 6. Each set of 3 codons make a specific amino acid.

4. Transcription & Translation Animation http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=A P1302 http://www.wisc- online.com/objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=A P1302

5. Protein Functions Antibodies: protect body from pathogens Antibodies: protect body from pathogens by recognizing antigens on by recognizing antigens on the pathogen & destroying it. the pathogen & destroying it.

6. Contractile Proteins: Actin & myosin Contractile Proteins: Actin & myosin

7. Enzymes: biological catalysts that break molecules apart and bring them together Enzymes: biological catalysts that break molecules apart and bring them together EX. Lactase: breaks down lactose (milk sugar) EX. Lactase: breaks down lactose (milk sugar) EX. Pepsin: breaks down proteins found in food in the stomach EX. Pepsin: breaks down proteins found in food in the stomach

8. Hormones: messenger proteins that coordinate bodily activities. Hormones: messenger proteins that coordinate bodily activities. EX. Insulin: regulates blood glucose concentration EX. Insulin: regulates blood glucose concentration Ghrelin: Stimulates appetite Ghrelin: Stimulates appetite

9. Biotech Industry Biotechnology has created over 200 new biotherapeutics & vaccines, including products to treat cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and autoimmune disorders. The majority of these are therapeutic proteins. Biotechnology has created over 200 new biotherapeutics & vaccines, including products to treat cancer, diabetes, HIV/AIDS and autoimmune disorders. The majority of these are therapeutic proteins.