1. POETIC DEVICES FOR GRADE 11

2. METONYMY WordActual meaning (the denotation) Metonymic Usage SweatPerspirationTo work really hard at something. HollywoodA section of LAThe film and TV industry Wall StreetA street in lower Manhattan in New York The American financial and banking industry New Scotland Yard A Building in London which is the headquarters of the Metropolitan Police Metropolitan police A cokeThe pop Coca- cola Any caffeinated, carbonated pop beverage This is a type of metaphor in which a reference point is substituted for the thing in which reference is actually made. It is a broad association

4. SYNECDOCHE Referring to a characteristic of a person for the person itself, like 'the gray beard' for an old person. Describing a vehicle as 'wheels'. He has many mouths to feed. There are so many pairs of hands working there. All eyes were on him. Using the term 'bug' for any kind of insect or small creature. Using 'John Hancock' for the signature of any person. Saying 'lead' for bullets, 'plastic' for credit cards, 'willow' for cricket bat, etc. Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/metonymy- vs-synecdoche.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/metonymy- vs-synecdoche.html Very similar to meaning of metonymy but a synecdoche occurs when the significant part is used for the whole.

6. Literary symbolism is developed by the writers who employ synecdoche in their literary works. By using synecdoche, the writers give otherwise common ideas and objects deeper meanings and thus draw readers’ attention.symbolism Furthermore, the use of synecdoche helps writers to achieve brevity. For instance, saying “Soldiers were equipped with steel” is more concise than saying “The soldiers were equipped with swords, knives, daggers, arrows etc.” Like any other literary device, synecdoche when used appropriately adds a distinct color to words making them appear vivid. To insert this “life” factor to literary works, writers describe simple ordinary things creatively with the aid of this literary device. http://literarydevices.net/synecdoche/

7. APOSTROPHE Twinkle, twinkle little star O’Canada Welcome, O life! I go to encounter for the millionth time the reality of experience and to forge in the smithy of my soul the uncreated conscience of my race." - A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, James Joyce Read more at Buzzle: http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of- figurative-language.html#apostrophe http://www.buzzle.com/articles/types-of- figurative-language.html#apostrophe A rhetorical figure in which the speaker addresses a dead or absent person, or an abstraction or inanimate object

8. By employing apostrophe in their literary works, writers try to bring abstract ideas or non-existent persons to life so that the nature of emotions they want to communicate gets across in a better way – because it is more convenient for the readers to relate themselves to the abstract emotions when they observe them in their natural surroundings. In addition, the use of apostrophe motivates the readers to develop a perspective that is fresh as well as creative.perspective http://literarydevices.net/apostrophe/

9. CLICHÉ "Money is the root of all evil" "Love is blind" "Laughter is the best medicine" "Curiosity killed the cat“ A phrase, line or expression that has been so overused, it is boring and common place.

10. CONNOTATION VS DENOTATION Connotation is the unspoken unwritten series of associations made to a particular word whereas denotation is the dictionary definition, the literal meaning

11. Neutral Connotation Positive Connotation Negative Connotation SmellFragranceStench YoungYouthfulchildish InactiveLaid backLazy UnusualExceptionalStrange

12. In literature, connotation paves way for creativity by using figures of speech like metaphor, simile, symbolism, personification etc. Had writers contented themselves with only the literal meanings, there would have been no way to compare abstract ideas to concrete concepts in order to give readers a better understanding.Therefore, connotative meanings of words allow writers to add to their works, dimensions which are broader, more vivid and fresher.metaphorsimilesymbolism personification http://literarydevices.net/connotation/

13. EUPHONY VS CACOPHONY Euphony Cacophony

14. Writers use cacophony as a tool to describe a discordant situation using discordant words. The use of such words allows readers to picture and feel the unpleasantness of the situation the writer has described through words. http://literarydevices.net/cacophony/

15. SYNTAX Word order, the way words are put together to form phrases, clauses or sentences in a poem. Sometimes poets play with syntax to increase the richness of their figurative language or to meka line of poetry work into a particular rhyme. Eg. We drink champagne when we thirst’ay. (BIGGIE, “Juicy”)