1. Margo Tillstrom Chris Makaryk Ariel Woldman Zach Morris

2. Adopted on July 9 th 1868- part 2 nd amendment of the 3 Reconstruction Amendments. The Southern States opposed the Amendment Ensured to provide equal protection under the law to all people of life, liberty and property without legislative authorization. Democrats were against it Republicans were for it.

3. Key Concepts : 1) State and federal citizenship for “all persons [regardless of race] born or naturalized in the United States” was reaffirmed. 2) No state would be allowed to “abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens.” 3) No person was allowed to be deprived of “life, liberty, or property without due process of law." 4) No person could be denied "equal protection of the laws." The broad goal of the 14 th amendment was to ensure that the Civil Rights Act passed in 1866 would remain valid.

4. Equal Protection Clause- People are entitled to their rights in all the states of the United States of America. Incorporation Clause- Many amendments that are included in the Bill of Rights are imposed among the states. Due Process Clause- All levels of American Government must operate within the law.

6. 1890- railroads were forced to segregate trains The train cars had to separate blacks and whites

7. Plessy- 1/8 African American business man Arrested on a train for not moving out of his seat Plessy appealed to the supreme court

8. Claims he was denied equal protection Violation of the 14th

9. Segregation reflects public will Segregation allows for equal protection and makes the white people happy

10. Justice Henry B. Brown read the decision (7-1) Louisiana or Plessy. “Legislation is powerless to eradicate racial instincts or to abolish distinctions based upon physical differences.” This means legislation can’t change public attitude.

11. (1978) The case involved the admissions practices of the Medical School of the University of California and Allan Bakke. The medical school reserved 16 out of 100 seats in its entering class for minorities. Allan Bakke, a white applicant, was twice denied admission to the medical school even though his MCAT scores and GPA were "significantly higher" than those of some minority applicants that were admitted.

12. Bakke sued the University of California in a state court, arguing that the medical school's admission policy violated the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 14th Amendment's Equal Protection Clause.

13. 5 to 4 vote The Supreme Court ruled that a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances. “Justice Powell wrote that “the guarantee of Equal Protection cannot mean one thing when applied to one individual and something else when applied to a person of another color.” “Justice Thurgood Marshall argued that race could properly be considered in an affirmative action program, a policy of taking positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination.”

14. Jane Roe, an unmarried pregnant women who wished to obtain an abortion. Texas law made it a felony to abort a fetus unless “on medical advice for the purpose of saving the life of the mother.”

15. Roe sued on behalf of herself and all other women in similar situations. She claimed that the laws were unconstitutionally vague and abridged her right of personal privacy, protected by the First, Fourth, Fifth, Ninth, and Fourteenth Amendments.

16. 7-2 Vote the Court ruled that the Texas statute violated Jane Roe's constitutional right to privacy.

17. The 14 th amendment is used all the time. Equal protection to everyone Due process clause expanded to women's rights. Used to support Gay Rights.