2. Examining an Essential Question: “With the dawn of the 16 th century, there came together in Europe both the motivation and the means to explore and colonize territory across the seas.” Assess the validity of this statement with respect to (a) religion (b) trade (c) technology.

3. Religious Conflict Later years of Renaissance: intense religious zeal and conflict A. Catholic victory in Spain. B. Protestant revolt in northern Europe.

4. Expanding Trade A. Africa, India, China B. The significance of 1453 C. The role of Prince Henry the Navigator

5. Technology A. Increase in scientific knowledge and technological change B. Improvements of others’ inventions: 1. gunpowder 2. sailing compass C. Shipbuilding, mapmaking D. Printing press

6. A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

7. New Maritime Technologies Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Better Maps [Portulan] Sextant Mariner’s Compass

8. New Weapons Technology

9. Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

10. Columbus’ Four Voyages

11. Other Voyages of Exploration

12. Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16 c

13. Atlantic Explorations

14. Fernando Cortez The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs Montezuma II vs.vs.

15. Mexico Surrenders to Cortez

16. Francisco Pizarro The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas Atahualpa vs.

17. Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

18. The “Columbian Exchange”  Squash  Avocado  Peppers  Sweet Potatoes  Turkey  Pumpkin  Tobacco  Quinine  Cocoa  Pineapple  Cassava  POTATO  Peanut  TOMATO  Vanilla  MAIZE  Syphilis  Olive  COFFEE BEAN  Banana  Rice  Onion  Turnip  Honeybee  Barley  Grape  Peach  SUGAR CANE  Oats  Citrus Fruits  Pear  Wheat  HORSE  Cattle  Sheep  Pigs  Smallpox  Flu  Typhus  Measles  Malaria  Diptheria  Whooping Cough  Trinkets  Liquor  GUNS

19. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade

20. The Slave Trade 1.Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. 2.Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. 3.Between 16 c & 19 c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

21. Slave Ship “Middle Passage”

22. “Coffin” Position Below Deck

23. African Captives Thrown Overboard Sharks followed the slave ships!

24. European Empires in the Americas

25. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles MestizosMulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

26. Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World 1. Encomienda or forced labor. 2.Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. 3.Papal agreement.

27. The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Our Lady of Guadalupe Spanish Mission Spanish Mission

28. The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation

29. New Colonial Rivals

30. 1.Native populations ravaged by disease. 2.Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] 3.New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. 4.Deepened colonial rivalries. Impact of European Exploration

31. New Patterns of World Trade