1. CRIME & DEVIANCE

2. MALE INITIATION RITES

3. Definitions I  Deviance involves breaking a norm and eliciting a negative reaction from others.  Informal punishment is mild and may involve raised eyebrows, gossip, ostracism or  Stigmatization. When people are stigmatized, they are negatively evaluated because of a perceptible sign that distinguishes them from others.  Formal punishment results from people breaking laws, which are norms stipulated and enforced by government bodies.

4.  Social diversions are minor acts of deviance such as participating in fads.  Social deviations are more serious acts. A larger proportion of people agree they are deviant and somewhat harmful, and they are usually subject to institutional sanction.  The state defines conflict crimes as illegal but the definition is controversial in the wider society.  Consensus crimes are widely agreed to be bad in themselves. Definitions II

5.  Power is the probability that one actor within a social relationship will be in a position to carry out his or her own will despite resistance.  White ‑ collar crime refers to illegal acts committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his or her occupation.  Street crimes include arson, burglary, robbery, assault, and other illegal acts. They are committed disproportionately by people from lower classes. Definitions III

6.  Victimless crimes, such as prostitution and illegal drug use, involve violations of the law in which no victim steps forward and is identified.  Self-report surveys are especially useful. In such surveys, respondents are asked to report their involvement in criminal activities, either as perpetrators or victims. Definitions IV

7. Victimization: Percent of Offences by Type of Crime, Seven Countries, 2000 Percent of offences Note: Contact crimes include robberies, sexual incidents, and assaults and threats. Horizontal lines indicate international average for each type of crime for all 17 countries in the survey. Thirty-eight percent of the population of all 17 countries were victimized in the year preceding the survey. Percent of population victimized by all crimes

8. Total and Violent Crime Rate, Canada, 1998- 2009 Frequency per 100,000 population Year Total crime rate Violent crime rate

9. The Ratio of Female to Male Offenders, Canada, 1994-2006 Homicide Total crime Youth crime Ratio of female to male offenders Year

10. World Prison Population, 2008 Prisoners per 100,000 population United States (756) CountryPercent of World’s Prisoners Percent of World’s Prisoners / Percent of World’s Population China*24.71.1 USA23.45.2 Russia9.14.3 France0.60.7 Germany0.70.6 Canada0.40.8 Other41.10.6 Total100.0 Canada (116) Russia (629) World (145) China* (155) France (96) England/Wales (153) Germany (89) Share of Prisoners per Country * Includes 850,000 people in “administrative detention.”

11. Crime Rate by Province, 2006 Crimes per 100,000 population Territorial crime rates are extraordinarily high: about 23,000 in the Yukon, 37,000 in Nunavut and 43,000 in the Northwest Territories.

12. Graph excludes traffic crime, the rate of which has been stable at about 375. Between 1991 and 2006, total crime was down 27%, violent crime was down 10%, property crime was down 42%, other (mainly drug-related) crime was down 5%. 1991 Crimes per 100,000 population

13. Homicide Rate, Canada, 1961-2006 Homicides per 100,000 population

14. Homicide Rate by Gun Ownership, 1990s Thousands of guns owned per 100,000 population Homicide rate per 100,000 population Note: About 30% of Canadian homicides and 70% of American homicides involve firearms. USA Canada New Zealand Australia UK Japan

15. Population per Police Officer, Canada, 1991-2006 Population/officer

16. Sentences to Federal and Provincial Prisons 1997-2005 Sentences

17. Total Crime Rate and Unemployment Rate, Canada, 1991-2006 Total crime rate Unemployment rate Year

18. Abortions and Crime, USA, 1973-97

19. Why the Crime Rate for Aboriginals and Blacks is Higher than the Crime Rate for Whites in North America  Racism exists in the criminal justice system.  Crime is associated with age and the aboriginal and black populations are younger than the white population.  Aboriginal and black men experience relatively high discrimination, high unemployment, and low per capita income as a result of their race.

20. Arrest by Race, USA, 2009 Racial group % of Pop. % of Arrests White7569.1 Black12.328.3 American Indian 0.9 1.4 Asian 3.7 1.2

21. Aboriginal Canadians Sentenced to Custody, by Jurisdiction, 2007-08 Percentage

22. The Two Big Trends in Social Control 1.The medicalization of deviance. Medical definitions of deviant behaviour are becoming more prevalent. 2.Getting tough on crime.

23. HOMOSEXUALITY: FROM SIN TO CRIME TO SICKNESS PRIMARY AGENT OF ERA CONSTRUCTION SOLUTION SOCIAL CONTROL OF DEVIANCE CHURCH Medieval Europe Sin Repent NATION STATE 1700s -- early 1900S Crime Prosecution PSYCHIATRY/ Early 1900s – 1970s Sickness* Therapy MEDICINE - Conrad & Schneider (1992) * In 1973, homosexuality was eliminated from the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) and is no longer consider by the mainstream medical community to constitute a mental disorder.

24. Mid-century US Psychiatry & the Homosexual 1.Homosexuals are “injustice collectors” and “psychic masochists” who strive for defeat, humiliation and rejection… 2.Male homosexuals are terrified of women and flee from them to other men. 3.They typically obliterate the personalities of their love objects—sex is impersonal and contempt-ridden. 4.These persons are characterized by “an unfounded megalomaniacal conviction” that they are superior persons. 5.Despite an outward flippancy and casual air, all homosexuals suffer from a deep inner depression. Scratch a homosexual and you find a depressed neurotic. 6.Irrational and violent jealousy as a masochistic mechanism is common. 7.Unreliability, ranging from a trace to a pronounced trend is the rule and not the exception among homosexuals. 8.“Homosexuals are essentially disagreeable people, regardless of their pleasant or unpleasant outward manner”. They are “a mixture of superciliousness fake aggression and whimpering…They are subservient when confronted with a stronger person, merciless when in power, unscrupulous about trampling on a weaker person. The only language their unconscious understands is brute force.” --Dr. Edmund Bergler (1956)

25. BISHOP WALKER http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oD_gTB x6Hkw

26. Punishment for Male-Male Sexual Relationships, 2010

27. Why Deviance is Becoming Medicalized  Many North Americans are now experiencing more stress than ever before, due mainly to the increased demands of work and a growing time crunch.  North American culture predisposes people to define social problems “scientifically.”  Various professional organizations have an interest in inflating the number and scope of mental disorders.

28. CONCLUSION SOCIOLOGY OF CRIME & DEVIANCE : Crime, deviance and even some forms of “illness” inhere not in the acts or conditions themselves, but in the discourses and institutions of those empowered to label them as such.