1. Legal English And Foundations (First Base) 4 Weeks of Intensive Pre-LLM John Haberstroh Clinical Assistant Professor of Law, English as a Second Language Coordinator Northwestern University School of Law

2. 1 in 8 students is a non-native speaker of English. 1 in 8 students is a non-native speaker of English. 125+ LLM, LLM Human Rights, & LLM-Kellogg students. 125+ LLM, LLM Human Rights, & LLM-Kellogg students.

3. LEAF: Why? East Asian students’ inadequate skills: Speaking (Discussion) Speaking (Discussion) Listening Listening Writing/Grammar Writing/Grammar Vocabulary/Reading a little stronger Vocabulary/Reading a little stronger

4. Entering East Asian LLM Skill Levels

5. Administration: Give us LEAF, soon.

6. LEAF needed to be discussion, listening, and writing rich (red lines)

7. LEAF Content 40% Pre-LLM ‘Writing & Rhetoric’ 40% Pre-LLM ‘Writing & Rhetoric’ 60% ‘Reading & Discussion’ 60% ‘Reading & Discussion’

9. Writing & Rhetoric Avoid substantive overlap with existing LLM writing course. Avoid substantive overlap with existing LLM writing course. Incorporate advanced ESL methodology and curriculum. Incorporate advanced ESL methodology and curriculum. Communicative: maximize small group tasks and discussion. Communicative: maximize small group tasks and discussion.

10. But what about our real goal?

11. Reading & Discussion, Purposes 1. Catch up other 3 skills to reading skill. 2. Establish ‘habits’ that maximize language learning during school year. 3. Push forward with reading skill.

12. Reading & Discussion, Features 1. Motivated legal and advanced English reading, speaking & listening in small group task settings. 2. Legal and advanced English vocabulary: the 500; many opportunities. 3. Reading comprehension with authentic, well- written legal academic texts. 4. Provide 1L knowledge needed for law school language community.

13. Reading & Discussion Content 1L doctrine! 1.Introduction to U.S. Law 2.Torts 3.Constitutional Law 4.Civil Procedure 5.Legal Ethics 6.Contracts 7.Corporate Law

14. 1L Content = Excellent Motivation Why? Why? Instrumental motivation Instrumental motivation Integrative motivation (!) Integrative motivation (!)

15. What have we learned in 3 years? A lot.

16. What have we learned? 1. Less reading homework. 2. Law professors only. 3. Finish day early. 4. Class starter: 20-25 minute lecture. 5. Comparative law, not so much.

17. What have we learned? 6. It works! 7. It integrates international students.