1. EXTRUSION PROCESS
In extrusion, the material is compressed in a chamber and the deformed material is forced to flow through the die.
The die opening corresponds to the cross section of required product.
Cylindrical bars, hollow tubes as also shapes of irregular c.s are made.

2. Extrusion of a round blank through a die

3. Extrusion process equipment consists of a cylinder/ container into which the heated metal billet is loaded.
On one end of container, die plate with necessary opening is fixed.
From other end, plunger/ ram compress the metal billet against the container walls & die plate, thus forcing it to flow through die opening, acquiring shape of opening.
Dummy block which is steel disc about 40 mm thick, is kept btn billet & ram to protect it from heat & pressure.

4. Pressures applied may range from 35-1000 Mpa.
Pressures for given metal depends on extrusion temperature, reduction in area & extrusion speed.
Materials that can be extrudes are aluminum, copper, steel, magnesium, and plastics, polymers, ceramics, concrete.

5. Typical products of Extrusion

7. Typical products made by extrusion are railings for sliding doors, tubing's having various cross sections.
Extruded parts are cut into desired lengths which then become discrete parts such as brackets, gears, coat hangers.
 its ability to create very complex cross-sections and work materials that are brittle, because the material only encounters compressive and shear stresses.

8. Typical Extruded Products

9. The extrusion process is often likened to the squeezing of tooth paste from a tube, as is illustrated :

10. Extrusion Processes Hot extrusion:
Keeping the processing temperature to above the materials re-crystalline temperature to keep material from work hardening.
Most are done on horizontal hydraulic presses that range from 230 to 11,000 metric tons.
Pressures range from 30 to 700 MPa (4,400 to 100,000 psi) therefore lubrication is required, which can be oil or graphite for lower temperature extrusions, or glass powder for higher temperature extrusions. 

11. Hot extrusion temperature for various metals
Material
Temperature [°C (°F)]
Magnesium
( )
Aluminium
( )
Copper
( )
Steel
(2200–2400)
Titanium
( )
Nickel
(1900–2200)
Refractory alloys
up to 2000 (4000)

12. Done at room temperature or near room temperature.
Cold extrusion:
Done at room temperature or near room temperature.
Ductile metals like lead,  tin, aluminum, copper, zirconium, titanium, molybdenum, beryllium, vanadium, niobium, and steel.
The advantages of this over hot extrusion are improved mechanical properties, high production rate, closer tolerances, good surface finish.
Tools & automobile parts, motor cycles, collapsible tubes, fire extinguisher cases, shock absorber cylinders and gear blanks.

14. TYPES OF EXTRUSION PROCESSES
Direct extrusion (or forward extrusion),
Indirect extrusion (or backward extrusion),
Impact extrusion, and
Side extrusion.

15. Direct (or) Forward Extrusion

17. Direct Extrusion

18. It is most widely used method, in which starting ram material used is a heated billet.
It is heated to its heated temperature and fed into its forging temperature and fed into machine chamber/ container & pressed with hydraulically operated ram through die.
Flow of metal in forward extrusion is same as that of ram direction.

20. There is a reusable dummy block between the ram and the billet to keep them separated.
major disadvantage is force required to extrude the billet is greater than that needed in the indirect extrusion process because of the frictional forces introduced by the need for the billet to travel the entire length of the container.
To reduce this friction lubricants are used.
Ex: Oils with graphite powder at low temp.

21. Advantages: Complex Integral Shapes Cost-Effective Design Flexibility
Simple fastening and assembly
Easy fabrication
Low Tooling Costs
Good Machinability
Precision Tolerances
Shorter Lead Times
Versatility in Joining
Virtually Seamless

22. INDIRECT EXTRUSION OR BACKWARD EXTRUSION

25. In order to completely overcome the friction, backward extrusion process is used.
Ram/ plunger used is hollow, as it presses the billet against back wall of die chamber/ container the metal flows through die.
As the billet does not move inside the chamber there is no friction between them.
Less force is required in this process .

26. ADVANTAGES:
A 25 to 30% reduction of friction, which allows for extruding larger billets, increasing speed, and an increased ability to extrude smaller cross-sections
There is less of a tendency for extrusions to crack because there is no heat formed from friction
The container liner will last longer due to less wear
The billet is used more uniformly so extrusion defects and coarse grained peripherals zones are less likely.

29. DEFECTS IN EXTRUSION
Depending on material condition & on process variables, extruded parts can develop several types of defects that can significantly affect their strength, quality.
Principal extrusion defects are;
Surface cracking (c)
Pipe (b)
Internal cracking (a)

30. DEFECTS

31. Surface Cracking:
If extrusion temp, friction/ speed is too high, surface temperatures rise significantly, and this condition may cause surface cracking & tearing.(fir-tree cracking, speed cracking)
These occur specially in Al, Mg, Zinc alloys.
These defects can be avoided by lowering the billet temperature & extrusion speed.

32. Pipe:
This type of metal flow pattern tends to draw surface oxides, impurities towards centre of billet which is called as pipe defect/ tail pipe/ fishtailing.
These are obtained because of high friction, maximum temperatures at outside of billet.
Defects as much as one third of length of extruded product, to be cut off as scrap.

33. Internal / Centre/ Chevron cracking:
The centre of the extruded product can develop cracks called center-burst, arrow head fracture.
These are attributed to a state of hydrostatic tensile stress at the centre line in the deformation zone in the die.

34. Hydrostatic Extrusion

36. It is another way to extrude aluminum profiles.
In this process, the chamber is first filled with a fluid which transmits the pressure to the billet.
This billet is then extruded using the die. There is no question of friction along the container -walls.
the main difference is that in case of Hydrostatic extrusion there is no direct contact between the container and the billet.

37. It is usually carried at room temperature, using vegetable oils as the fluid.
For elevated temperatures waxes, polymers, glass are used.
Brittle materials like gray c.i are extruded successfully by this method, because hydrostatic pressure increases the ductility of material.

38. Advantages
Owing to the pressurized fluid, the lubrication is very effective
Extruded product has good surface finish along with dimensional accuracy
As friction is almost absent, it is quite possible to use dies that has very low semi-cone angle.
Minimal friction

39. Some typical shapes produced are angles, rods, T-profiles or dumbbells.
Other shapes to be produced can single-hollow sections like tubes.

40. IMPACT EXTRUSION

42. In backward cold extrusion called Impact extrusion, the set up consists of die, punch as shown in fig.
The slug for making the component is kept on die & punch strikes the slug against the die.
Metal is then extruded through the gap between punch & die opposite to movement of punch.
The height of side walls is controlled by amount of metal in slug.

43. This process is mainly used for making short lengths of hollow shapes like collapsible tubes for housing plates, liquids, spray cans.
Diameter of parts made can approach 150 mm.
For making discrete parts.
performed at higher speeds and shorter strokes than conventional extrusion.

45. Manufacturing of toothpaste tube
Applications: Tooth paste tubes, soft drink cans & shell cases.

47. SIDE EXTRUSION

49. In side extrusion the movement of the material is in a direction perpendicular to that of ram motion.
Since the metal flows in sideward direction the force required is very high& hence mostly used in the case of non ferrous metals and highly plastic materials like lead.
Presence of cable produces a seamless tube.

50. TUBE EXTRUSION

51. It is actually a forward extrusion method using a mandrel to form the bore of the tube as shown in fig.
First mandrel is pushed through centre of billet & die, followed by applying pressure on billet by advancing the plunger.
Metal is forced to flow through the opening between the die & mandrel.
Most of the metals are hot extruded, although some of these are cold extruded, for production of seamless tubes.

52. the clearance between the mandrel and the die wall determines the wall thickness of the extruded tube.

53. Metals that are commonly extruded include:
Aluminium is the most commonly extruded material. Aluminium can be hot or cold extruded. If it is hot extruded it is heated to 575 to 1100 °F (300 to 600 °C). Examples of products include profiles for tracks, frames, rails, mullions, and heat sinks.
Brass is used to extrude corrosion free rods, automobile parts, pipe fittings, engineering parts.
Copper (1100 to 1825 °F (600 to 1000 °C)) pipe, wire, rods, bars, tubes, and welding electrodes. Often more than 100 ksi (690 MPa) is required to extrude copper.
Lead and tin (maximum 575 °F (300 °C)) pipes, wire, tubes, and cable sheathing. Molten lead may also be used in place of billets on vertical extrusion presses.

54. DRAWING
It is a metalworking process used to reduce the cross-section of a wire/ rod by pulling the wire through a single, or series of, drawing die(s).
Although similar in process, drawing is different from extrusion, because in drawing the wire is pulled, rather than pushed, through the die.

56. Major variables in drawing are similar to those in extrusion: reduction in c.s area, die angle, friction along die work interfaces, drawing speed.
In this process, rods made of steel or non ferrous metals and alloys are pulled through conical dies having a hole in the centre.

57. DRAWING PROCESS
The wire is prepared by shrinking the beginning of it, by hammering, filing, rolling or swaging, it will fit through the die.
The wire is then pulled through the die. As the wire is pulled through the die, its volume remains the same, diameter decreases, the length increases.
Usually the wire will require more than one draw, through successively smaller dies, to reach the desired size.

58. An example of product produced in a continuous wire drawing machine is telephone wire.
It is drawn 20 to 30 times from hot rolled rod stock.

59. Tube Drawing
The diameter and wall thickness of tubes that have been produced by extrusion or other processes can be reduced by tube drawing process.
The process of tube drawing is similar to wire or rod drawing except that it usually requires a mandrel of the requisite diameter to form the internal hole.

61. Equipment designs can be classified into two basic types; Draw bench, Bull block.
A draw bench uses a single die and the pulling force is supplied by a chain drive or by hydraulic means.
Used for single length drawing of rod or tube with diameter greater than 20mm.
Length can be as much as 30 m.
Drawing speed attainable on a draw bench ranges from 5 m/min to 50 m/min.

62.    Bull block or rotating drum used for drawing rods or wires of very long length.

63. Lubrication
Lubrication in the drawing process is essential for maintaining good surface finish and long die life.
Wet drawing: the dies and wire/rod are completely immersed in lubricant.
Dry drawing: the wire or rod passes through a container of lubricant which coats surface of the wire or rod
Metal coating: the wire or rod is coated with a soft metal which acts as a solid lubricant

64. 4. Ultrasonic vibration: the dies and mandrels are vibrated, which helps to reduce forces and allow larger reductions per pass
Various lubricants, such as oil, are employed.
Lubricants normally used are soap solution, for very thin wires electrolytic coating of copper is used to reduce friction.

65. DIES
Various die materials used are chilled cast iron, tungsten carbide diamond, tool steel.
For small runs cast iron dies are used.
For medium sized, large production wires tungsten made dies are used.
For very large sizes alloy steels are used.

66. Wire Drawing

67. Drawing machines can be arranged in tandem so that the wire coming from one die is coiled to sufficient length before it is reentered in to subsequent die.
This coiling of sufficient wire helps for any discrepancy in speed of wire drawing in any die.
Such that successive drawings are to be done ah high speeds.

68. TUBE MAKING

69. Tubes are basically of two types. They are either seamless (i. e
Tubes are basically of two types. They are either seamless (i.e., without any joint) or with joint all along the length of the tube.
Seamless tubes are made by processes such as casting, extrusion or rolling.
Tubes with joint are made by welding.
Usually, the weld joint is made by electric resistance welding process, such tubes are referred to as ERW tubes.
The size of a tube or pipe is indicated by the size of its bore in mm.

70. Since the requirement of tubes is so large, a special rolling process called Mannesmann rotary piercing process has been developed.
In this process, a heated round billet with its leading end, in the centre of which a short guide hole has been punched or drilled, is pushed longitudinally between two large tapered rolls as shown in Fig.
The rolls revolve in the same direction and their axes are inclined at opposite angles of approx 6° from the axis of the billet

71. As the billet is caught by the rolls and is rotated, their inclination causes the material to be drawn forward.
The guide hole drilled/punched at centre of billet tears open.
This action is assisted by a suitably placed mandrel.
As the billet mores forward and keeps rotating the tearing action is propagated throughout the length of the billet.
End result is a roughly formed seamless tube of ellipitical cross-section.

72. DEEP DRAWING

74. It is a cold metal forming process, in which a flat sheet metal blank is forced into a die cavity by hydraulically driven punch. 
A cup-like cylindrical part, having the depth greater than its diameter, is formed as a result of deep drawing, process requires a blank, blank holder, punch, and die.
The blank is a piece of sheet metal, typically a disc or rectangle, which is pre-cut from stock material and will be formed into the part. 

76. The blank is clamped down by the blank holder over the die, which has a cavity in the external shape of the part
A tool called a punch moves downward into the blank and draws, or stretches, the material into the die cavity.
Movement of the punch is usually hydraulically powered to apply enough force to the blank.
Both the die and punch experience wear from the forces applied to the sheet metal and are therefore made from tool steel or carbon steel.

78. DEEP DRAWN PARTS

79. In each step, a punch forces the part into a different die, stretching the part to a greater depth each time.
After a part is completely drawn, the punch and blank holder can be raised and the part removed from the die.
The portion of the sheet metal that was clamped under the blank holder may form a flange around the part that can be trimmed off.
Deep drawing is most effective with ductile metals, such as aluminum, brass, bronze, iron, copper, and mild steel.

80. The following alloys are used in deep drawing process: pure copper, some aluminum alloys and pure aluminum, 70-30 brass, cupro-nickel, mild steels
Car bodies, pans, cartridge cases, kitchen sinks, beverage cans, bullet envelopes and other cup-like parts.
These parts can have a variety of cross sections with straight, tapered, or even curved walls, but cylindrical or rectangular parts are most common.