1. Click F5 Try to answer each question on your own before revealing the answer.

2.  What is an allele?

3.  An allele is a version of a gene

4.  How many alleles does an individual (from sexually-reproducing parents) inherit for each trait?

5.  2  One from each parent

6.  What is a gamete?

7.  A gamete is a sex cell  Examples: egg (female) and sperm (male)

8.  How many alleles for each trait are present in gamete cells?

9.  Gametes have 1 allele for each trait  This is because gametes are produced by segregation, where the alleles separate so that each gamete is haploid

10.  What is fertilization?

11.  Fertilization is the joining of a male and a female gamete  Fertilization results in a zygote (fertilized egg)  Because zygotes are a combination of an egg and sperm, they have two alleles for each trait

12.  What is a genotype?

13.  The genotype is an organism’s actual combination of alleles  Example: BB or Gg or tt

14.  What is a phenotype?

15.  Phenotype is how the trait is expressed  Examples: Brown eyes, green pea color, or short height

16.  If something has a homozygous genotype, what does that mean?

17.  It has two identical alleles for that trait  Homozygous dominant = two dominant alleles (BB, TT, etc)  Homozygous recessive = two recessive alleles (bb, tt, etc)

18.  What does it mean if something has a heterozygous genotype?

19.  The alleles are different  Example: Bb, Gb, Tt

20.  In pea plants, green (G) is the dominant color and yellow(g) is the recessive color. What will be the phenotypes of the individuals with these genotypes?  GG  Gg  gg

21.  In pea plants, green (G) is the dominant color and yellow(g) is the recessive color. What will be the phenotypes of the individuals with these genotypes?  GG: green  Gg: green  gg: yellow

22.  What is the name for this type of diagram?

23.  Punnett Square

24.  What do these diagrams predict?

25.  Probabilities of certain offspring

26.  What do the letters on the outside represent?

27.  Alleles from the gametes of the parents

28.  What do the letters on the inside represent?

29.  The possible genotypes for the zygotes

30.  What process are we simulating when we are filling in the letters on the inside?

31.  Fertilization

32.  If an gene is controlled by an allele that is incompletely dominant, what does that mean?

33.  Neither is dominant, so a heterozygous individual is going to be somewhere in between both phenotypes  Example: a red flower and a white flower make a pink flower

34.  If an gene is controlled by an allele that is codominant, what does that mean?

35.  Both alleles are dominant, and a heterozygous individual will display both phenotypes  Example: a red cow and a white cow make a baby that is red and white spots

36.  What is an autosome?

37.  Any chromosome except the sex chromosome

38.  What is a sex-linked gene?

39.  Gene found on one of the sex chromosomes

40.  In pea plants, purple (P) is dominant over white (p). Two heterozygous individuals mate.  What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents?  What % of their offspring will be purple?  What % of their offspring will have a homozygous dominant genotype?  Hint: Draw a punnett square

42.  In pea plants, purple (P) is dominant over white (p). Two heterozygous individuals mate.  What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents? Both are Pp and purple  What % of their offspring will be purple? 75% (3/4)  What % of their offspring will have a homozygous dominant genotype? 25% (1/4)

43.  In snapdragons, red flowers and white flowers are incompletely dominant. A heterozygous flower is crossed with a white flower.  What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents?  What % of their offspring will be red?  What % of their offspring will have a heterozygous genotype?  Hint: Draw a punnett square.

44. RW WRWWW

45.  In snapdragons, red flowers and white flowers are incompletely dominant. A heterozygous flower is crossed with a white flower.  What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents? The heterozygous parents is RW and is pink, the white parent is WW  What % of their offspring will be red? 0%  What % of their offspring will have a heterozygous genotype? 50%

46.  In humans, blood types show co- dominance. A and B are both dominant, O is recessive. A parent with AB blood is crossed with a parent with type O blood.  What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents?  What types of blood are possible for the offspring?  Hint: Draw a punnett square

47. AB OAOBO

48.  In humans, blood types show co-dominance. A and B are both dominant, O is recessive. A parent with AB blood is crossed with a parent with type O blood.  What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents? The AB parent has type AB blood (because they are codominant) and the type O blood parent has a genotype of OO  What types of blood are possible for the offspring? The offspring will have the genotypes of AO and BO, meaning they will all either have type A blood or type B blood (because O is recessive)

49.  In humans, color-blindness is a sex- linked trait. A woman that is homozygous for regular vision mates with a color- blind male.  What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents?  What is the probability that they will have a colorblind child?  Hint: Draw a punnett square

50. X c Y X X X c XY

51.  In humans, color-blindness is a sex- linked trait. A woman that is homozygous for regular vision mates with a color- blind male.  What are the genotypes and phenotypes of the parents? The woman is XX and the male is X C Y. She has normal vision and he is color blind.  What is the probability that they will have a colorblind child? 0%

52.  What are the genotypes of human males and females?

53.  Male: XY  Female: XX

54.  Why is it more likely for a male to have a disease that is present on the X chromosome?

55.  Males only have one X chromosome. So if there is a recessive allele on there, there’s no other X to cancel it out. Females have to inherit 2 copies of the recessive allele (one on each X chromosome)

56.  In humans, blood type displays a special type of codominance. A and B are both dominant and O is recessive. What types of blood will the following genotypes have?  AA  BB  AB AO  BO  OO

57.  In humans, blood type displays a special type of codominance. A and B are both dominant and O is recessive. What types of blood will the following genotypes have?  AA type A  BB type B  AB type AB AO type A  BO type B  OO type O

58.  In this pedigree chart, how many males and females are there? 1 52 9090 6 34871 3 4 II

59.  Males are represented by squares, so there are 8 of them  Females are represented by circles, so there are 6 of them 1 52 9090 6 34871 3 4 II

60.  In this pedigree chart, how many children did the couple that is shaded have? 1 526 3471 3 4 I 1

61.  1- a male  The circle represents the female that married that male child 1 526 3471 3 4 I 1