1. WHAT YOU WILL LEARN 10.2 MENDELIAN GENETICS -Law of Segregation
-Law of Independent Assortment
-How to use a Punnett square

2. 10.2 MENDELIAN GENETICS
MAIN IDEA
Mendel explained how a dominant allele can mask the presence of a recessive gene.

3. READING Q’s DEFINE -What is a true breeding plant?
-same form of trait from generation to generation

4. READING Q’s
LABEL
-Fill in the boxes with the name of each generation of offspring. Draw the peas you would expect to see in the empty pods. Use shading to indicate a green pea.
F-1
F-2

5. READING Q’s
APPLY
-In Mendel’s experiment with green and yellow seeds, what was the dominant trait?
-yellow seeds

6. READING Q’s
PREDICT
-What would be the phenotype of a homozygous, recessive (yy) pea plant?
-green seeds

7. READING Q’s
APPLY
-True-breeding yellow-seeded and green-seeded plants are crossed and produce yellow-seeded offspring. Which of these plants is a hybrid?
-yellow-seeded offspring

8. READING Q’s IDENTIFY -What is one purpose of a Punnett square?
-tracking genotypes/phenotypes
-predicting ratios of cross outcomes

9. READING Q’s
DEFINE
-Circle the genotypes in the small squares that will give a yellow-seed phenotypic ratio in the offspring? What will be the phenotypic ratio in the offspring?
3:1

10. 10.2 READING NOTES Mendel is considered the “father of genetics”
Mendel used pea plants because they reproduce by
self-fertilization—male gamete combines w/female gamete
Mendel also used cross-pollination—removed male gamete to combine w/female gamete of a different plant
Bill nye greatest discoveries in genetics: 1:25-5:07

11. 10.2 READING NOTES
Pea plants have 7 traits that are independent of each other—
-height stem tall/short
-flower location
-pod color yellow/green
-pod appearance constricted/inflated
-seed color yellow/green
-seed texture smooth/wrinkled
-flower color purple/white

12. 10.2 READING NOTES

13. GROUP WORK: APPLICATION NOTES
-As a group complete the application note sheet using your knowledge from the reading.

14. NEW VOCABULARY DEFINE genetics -study of inheritance heredity
-how traits passed from gen to gen
segregation
-to “separate”
allele
-different possible forms of a gene for a particular trait

15. HISTORY OF GENETICS
Write 4-bulleted facts about Gregor Mendel, “Father of Genetics”
-Austrian monk, son of peasant farmer,1840s
-attended University of Vienna—studied math, chemistry, physics, botany, paleontology, plant physiology & statistics
-followed traits in pea plants-discovered how traits were inheritedbegan study of genetics
-determined traits are a combination from both parents
-1866 published math/methods inheritance in pea plants

16. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT
ANALYZE Mendel’s experiment with green-seed and yellow-seed pea plants by completing the diagram.
generation
_______________ yellow pea (male) green pea (female) 
_______________ ALL ___________
_______________ ____ yellow : ____ green
self fertilization
P-parental
cross fertilization
F1-first filial
self fertilization
yellow
F2-second filial 3 1

17. MENDEL’S EXPERIMENT DESCRIBE how a plant self-fertilizes:
-male & female gametes come from same plant
DESCRIBE cross-fertilization:
-remove male part of a flower, transfer to female of diff plant flower
INFER why Mendel used cross-pollination to study inheritance:
-create offspring that have traits from both plants

18. NEW VOCABULARY
-COMPARE/CONTRAST each pair of terms by defining them &/or noting their differences.
genotype
allele combination--Rr
phenotype—
traits an individual displays--red
dominant trait—
observed trait masks
recessive trait
recessive trait—
trait observed only if dominant trait is not present
homozygous—
two of the same alleles for a trait—RR/rr
heterozygous—
two different alleles for a trait--Rr
pure trait—
homozygous alleles
hybrid—
heterozygous alleles

19. INHERITANCE OF TRAITS
COMPARE genotypes & phenotypes for pea plants:
genotype homozygous/heterozygous phenotype
________ homozygous yellow seeds
_______ heterozygous ___________
yy _______________ ___________ YY Yy
yellow
homozygous
green

20. LAW OF SEGREGATION
DIAGRAM: Complete the diagram to demonstrate gamete formation & fertilization.
grows into plant
gamete
YY yellow pea formation
fertilization seed development
yy green pea formation
GAMETE FORMATION FERTILIZATION Y Y Y Yy y y
F-1 hybrid
Yy = yellow dominant trait y

21. COMPLETE the Punnett square-fill in missing info: R r R r
 LAW OF SEGREGATION
COMPLETE the Punnett square-fill in missing info:
R r R r P RR Rr Rr rr

22. COMPLETE the Punnett square-fill in missing info: R r R r
 LAW OF SEGREGATION
COMPLETE the Punnett square-fill in missing info:
R r R r P RR Rr Rr rr

23.  LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
DEFINE: law of independent assortment—
-genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other

24.  LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
DEMONSTRATE law of independent assortment by listing the 4 alleles that are produced when a pea plant with the genotype RrYy produces gametes—
R r Y y RY Ry rY ry

25.  LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT
IDENTIFY the genotypes/phenotypes in Punnett square showing DIHYBRID cross of seed color Yy & texture Rr
YR Yr yR yr YR Yr yR yr
YYRR
yellow/round
YYRr
YyRR
YyRr
YYrr
yellow/wrinkle
Yyrr
yyRR
green/round
yyRr
yyrr
green/wrinkle

26. Tt TT Tt tt  LAW OF SEGREGATION COMPLETE
-Punnett squares to show height in F1 & F2 generations
T = tall plants t = short plants
F1 generation F2 generation
T T T t
t T
t t
100% Tt Tt TT Tt tt
25% TT / 50% Tt / 25% tt

27.  PROBABILITY DEFINE: probability
likelihood a specific event will occur
PREDICT PROBABILITIES
-What is the probability of rolling a 5 on a dice?
1 out of 6 = 1/6
-What is the probability of 2 coins landing on heads if you flip 2 coins?
½ X ½ = ¼
-What is the probability of rolling a 3 when rolling a die?
-What is the probability of rolling two 3s on two dice?
1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36

28.  PROBABILITY DEFINE: probability
likelihood a specific event will occur
PREDICT PROBABILITIES
-What is the probability of one coin landing on heads if you flip a single coin once?
1 out of 2 = ½
-What is the probability of 2 coins landing on heads if you flip 2 coins?
½ X ½ = ¼
-What is the probability of rolling a 3 when rolling a die?
1 out of 6 = 1/6
-What is the probability of rolling two 3s on two dice?
1/6 X 1/6 = 1/36

29. COIN TOSS PROBABILITY PRACTICE PROBABILITY—
-Use 2 coins to show the probability of the occurrence of
HH / HT / TT
-Mendel’s experiments with pea plants did not get exact 9:3:3:1 ratios, however, the more experiments he conducted the closer the ratios were to the actual.
-You will first flip the coins 10 times to get a ratio
-Then you will flip the coins 100 times to see if the ratio is closer to the predicted outcome

30. INHERITANCE OF TRAITS
CHECK VOC
-__________ is the branch of biology that studies how traits are inherited.
-__________ offspring result from parents that have different forms of __________ for certain traits.
-Mendel’s ____________________ states that every individual has two alleles of each gene and when gametes are produced, each gamete receives one of these alleles.
-Mendel’s ___________________________ state that genes for different traits are inherited independently of each other.
Genetics
Hybrid
alleles
law of segregations
law of independent assortment

31. INHERITANCE OF TRAITS
COMPLETE the paragraph—
-Mendel was the first person to succeed in predicting how traits are __________ from generation to generation
-In peas, both male & female sex cells, called ___________, are in the same flower.
-____________________ occurs when a male gamete fuses with a female gamete in the same flower.
-Mendel used the technique called _______________ to breed one plant with another.
-Mendel studied only one _____ at a time and analyzed his data mathematically.
-In a heterozygous genotype, the ________ allele of a trait is hidden by the expression of the other phenotype. In a heterozygous genotype the _________ allele of a trait is visible in the phenotype.
inherited
gametes
Self-fertilizations
cross-pollination
trait
recessive
dominant