1. Physics 6C Special Relativity Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

2. Two Main Ideas – The Postulates of Special Relativity Light travels at the same speed in all inertial reference frames. Laws of physics yield identical results in all inertial reference frames. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

3. Two Main Ideas – The Postulates of Special Relativity Light travels at the same speed in all inertial reference frames. Laws of physics yield identical results in all inertial reference frames. Inertial reference frames refer to observers moving at constant velocity with respect to each other. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

4. Two Main Ideas – The Postulates of Special Relativity Light travels at the same speed in all inertial reference frames. Laws of physics yield identical results in all inertial reference frames. Inertial reference frames refer to observers moving at constant velocity with respect to each other. If there is a nonzero acceleration, the frames are not inertial, and we would need to use General Relativity. Way too much math for this course – sorry… Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

5. Two Main Ideas – The Postulates of Special Relativity Light travels at the same speed in all inertial reference frames. Laws of physics yield identical results in all inertial reference frames. Inertial reference frames refer to observers moving at constant velocity with respect to each other. If there is a nonzero acceleration, the frames are not inertial, and we would need to use General Relativity. Way too much math for this course – sorry… The relationship between what is seen in the two reference frames is found via the Lorentz Transformation. We will see the following factor in all of our equations: Here v is the relative speed of the frames, and c is the speed of light. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

6. The main results of Special Relativity are the following: 1) Time Dilation - if an object is moving, an observer will measure times to be longer (compared to the frame of the object itself) t 0 refers to the object at rest in its own frame Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

7. The main results of Special Relativity are the following: 1) Time Dilation - if an object is moving, an observer will measure times to be longer (compared to the frame of the object itself) 2) Length Contraction – if an object is moving, an observer will measure lengths to be shorter in the direction of motion (compared to the frame of the object itself) t 0 refers to the object at rest in its own frame L 0 refers to the object at rest in its own frame Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

8. The main results of Special Relativity are the following: 1) Time Dilation - if an object is moving, an observer will measure times to be longer (compared to the frame of the object itself) 2) Length Contraction – if an object is moving, an observer will measure lengths to be shorter in the direction of motion (compared to the frame of the object itself) 3) Addition of velocities is more complicated than in the non-relativistic case. At low speeds, we just add or subtract the relative velocities and it works fine, but near the speed of light we need to be more careful. Here’s a formula: t 0 refers to the object at rest in its own frame L 0 refers to the object at rest in its own frame v 13 is the relative speed between the frames, and v 21 and v 23 are the velocities of the object in each frame. These formulas are tricky to use, so practice several examples. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

9. The main results of Special Relativity are the following: 1) Time Dilation - if an object is moving, an observer will measure times to be longer (compared to the frame of the object itself) 2) Length Contraction – if an object is moving, an observer will measure lengths to be shorter in the direction of motion (compared to the frame of the object itself) 3) Addition of velocities is more complicated than in the non-relativistic case. At low speeds, we just add or subtract the relative velocities and it works fine, but near the speed of light we need to be more careful. Here’s a formula: 4) Energy and Mass are equivalent (E rest =m 0 c 2 ). We can also get formulas for relativistic momentum and total energy. t 0 refers to the object at rest in its own frame L 0 refers to the object at rest in its own frame Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB v 13 is the relative speed between the frames, and v 21 and v 23 are the velocities of the object in each frame. These formulas are tricky to use, so practice several examples.

10. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JQnHTKZBTI4 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2IGMLYyA7U&NR=1 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PpFZpqlWiF0 Visual demonstrations of special relativity. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

11. Here’s a problem: In the year 2084, a spacecraft flies over Moon Station III at a speed of 0.800c. A scientist on the moon measures the length of the moving spacecraft to be 140 m. The spacecraft later lands on the moon, and the same scientist measures the length of the now stationary spacecraft. What value does she get? Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

12. Use the length contraction formula with L=140m and v=.8c. We are looking for L 0. Here’s a problem: In the year 2084, a spacecraft flies over Moon Station III at a speed of 0.800c. A scientist on the moon measures the length of the moving spacecraft to be 140 m. The spacecraft later lands on the moon, and the same scientist measures the length of the now stationary spacecraft. What value does she get? Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

13. Use the length contraction formula with L=140m and v=.8c. We are looking for L 0. Here’s a problem: In the year 2084, a spacecraft flies over Moon Station III at a speed of 0.800c. A scientist on the moon measures the length of the moving spacecraft to be 140 m. The spacecraft later lands on the moon, and the same scientist measures the length of the now stationary spacecraft. What value does she get? Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

14. Notice that c 2 cancels out. This usually happens when you use speeds written in terms of c. Our result is consistent with the concept of length contraction. The ship is measured to be shorter when it is moving. Here’s a problem: In the year 2084, a spacecraft flies over Moon Station III at a speed of 0.800c. A scientist on the moon measures the length of the moving spacecraft to be 140 m. The spacecraft later lands on the moon, and the same scientist measures the length of the now stationary spacecraft. What value does she get? Use the length contraction formula with L=140m and v=.8c. We are looking for L 0. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

15. Here’s a problem: Inside a spaceship flying past the earth at ¾ the speed of light, a pendulum is swinging. a) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by an astronaut performing an experiment inside the spaceship, how long will the swing take as measured by a person at mission control on earth who is watching the experiment? b) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by a person at mission control on earth, how long will the swing take as measured by an astronaut inside the spaceship? Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

16. We will be using the time dilation formula. Notice the difference between part a) and part b) – In part a) the time as measured on the spaceship is given. This is Δt 0 because the pendulum is at rest relative to the ship. Here’s a problem: Inside a spaceship flying past the earth at ¾ the speed of light, a pendulum is swinging. a) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by an astronaut performing an experiment inside the spaceship, how long will the swing take as measured by a person at mission control on earth who is watching the experiment? b) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by a person at mission control on earth, how long will the swing take as measured by an astronaut inside the spaceship? Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

17. We will be using the time dilation formula. Notice the difference between part a) and part b) – In part a) the time as measured on the spaceship is given. This is Δt 0 because the pendulum is at rest relative to the ship. Here’s a problem: Inside a spaceship flying past the earth at ¾ the speed of light, a pendulum is swinging. a) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by an astronaut performing an experiment inside the spaceship, how long will the swing take as measured by a person at mission control on earth who is watching the experiment? b) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by a person at mission control on earth, how long will the swing take as measured by an astronaut inside the spaceship? Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

18. We will be using the time dilation formula. Notice the difference between part a) and part b) – In part a) the time as measured on the spaceship is given. This is Δt 0 because the pendulum is at rest relative to the ship. Here’s a problem: Inside a spaceship flying past the earth at ¾ the speed of light, a pendulum is swinging. a) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by an astronaut performing an experiment inside the spaceship, how long will the swing take as measured by a person at mission control on earth who is watching the experiment? b) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by a person at mission control on earth, how long will the swing take as measured by an astronaut inside the spaceship? The people on earth measure a longer (dilated) time for each swing, as expected. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

19. We will be using the time dilation formula. Notice the difference between part a) and part b) – In part a) the time as measured on the spaceship is given. This is Δt 0 because the pendulum is at rest relative to the ship. Here’s a problem: Inside a spaceship flying past the earth at ¾ the speed of light, a pendulum is swinging. a) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by an astronaut performing an experiment inside the spaceship, how long will the swing take as measured by a person at mission control on earth who is watching the experiment? b) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by a person at mission control on earth, how long will the swing take as measured by an astronaut inside the spaceship? The people on earth measure a longer (dilated) time for each swing, as expected. Part b) uses the same formula, but now we are given Δt instead. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

20. We will be using the time dilation formula. Notice the difference between part a) and part b) – In part a) the time as measured on the spaceship is given. This is Δt 0 because the pendulum is at rest relative to the ship. Here’s a problem: Inside a spaceship flying past the earth at ¾ the speed of light, a pendulum is swinging. a) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by an astronaut performing an experiment inside the spaceship, how long will the swing take as measured by a person at mission control on earth who is watching the experiment? b) If each swing takes 1.5 s as measured by a person at mission control on earth, how long will the swing take as measured by an astronaut inside the spaceship? The people on earth measure a longer (dilated) time for each swing, as expected. Part b) uses the same formula, but now we are given Δt instead. Again the people on earth measure a longer time because the clock is moving relative to them. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

21. Here’s a problem: Two particles are created in a high-energy accelerator and move off in opposite directions. The speed of one particle, as measured in the laboratory, is 0.65c, and the speed of each particle relative to the other is 0.95c. What is the speed of the second particle, as measured in the laboratory? Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

22. Here’s a problem: Two particles are created in a high-energy accelerator and move off in opposite directions. The speed of one particle, as measured in the laboratory, is 0.65c, and the speed of each particle relative to the other is 0.95c. What is the speed of the second particle, as measured in the laboratory? 12 Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB Pictures will probably help here (the laboratory is object #3) v 23 =?v 13 =0.65c This is what you see in the laboratory. Particle 1 is moving at 0.65c, and Particle 2 is moving the other direction.

23. Here’s a problem: Two particles are created in a high-energy accelerator and move off in opposite directions. The speed of one particle, as measured in the laboratory, is 0.65c, and the speed of each particle relative to the other is 0.95c. What is the speed of the second particle, as measured in the laboratory? 12 v 21 =-0.95c This is the same scenario in the reference frame of Particle 1. Particle 2 is moving away at -0.95c, and Particle 1 is at rest in its own frame. (If we were to put the laboratory in this picture we would see it moving to the left at -0.65c.) 12 Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB Pictures will probably help here (the laboratory is object #3) v 23 =?v 13 =0.65c This is what you see in the laboratory. Particle 1 is moving at 0.65c, and Particle 2 is moving the other direction.

24. Here’s a problem: Two particles are created in a high-energy accelerator and move off in opposite directions. The speed of one particle, as measured in the laboratory, is 0.65c, and the speed of each particle relative to the other is 0.95c. What is the speed of the second particle, as measured in the laboratory? 12 This is the same scenario in the reference frame of Particle 1. Particle 2 is moving away at -0.95c, and Particle 1 is at rest in its own frame. (If we were to put the laboratory in this picture we would see it moving to the left at -0.65c.) 12 Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB Pictures will probably help here (the laboratory is object #3) v 23 =?v 13 =0.65c This is what you see in the laboratory. Particle 1 is moving at 0.65c, and Particle 2 is moving the other direction. v 21 =-0.95c

25. Here’s a problem: Two particles are created in a high-energy accelerator and move off in opposite directions. The speed of one particle, as measured in the laboratory, is 0.65c, and the speed of each particle relative to the other is 0.95c. What is the speed of the second particle, as measured in the laboratory? 12 This is the same scenario in the reference frame of Particle 1. Particle 2 is moving away at -0.95c, and Particle 1 is at rest in its own frame. (If we were to put the laboratory in this picture we would see it moving to the left at -0.65c.) 12 So in the lab, Particle 2 looks like it is moving to the left at speed 0.78c. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB Pictures will probably help here (the laboratory is object #3) v 23 =?v 13 =0.65c This is what you see in the laboratory. Particle 1 is moving at 0.65c, and Particle 2 is moving the other direction. v 21 =-0.95c

26. Here’s a sample problem: The sun produces energy by nuclear fusion reactions, in which matter is converted to energy. The rate of energy production is 3.8 x 10 26 Watts. How many kilograms of mass does the sun convert to energy each second? Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

27. Here’s a sample problem: The sun produces energy by nuclear fusion reactions, in which matter is converted to energy. The rate of energy production is 3.8 x 10 26 Watts. How many kilograms of mass does the sun convert to energy each second? We only need to use Einstein’s E=mc 2 for this one. Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB

28. Here’s a sample problem: The sun produces energy by nuclear fusion reactions, in which matter is converted to energy. The rate of energy production is 3.8 x 10 26 Watts. How many kilograms of mass does the sun convert to energy each second? We only need to use Einstein’s E=mc 2 for this one. Remember, a Watt is a Joule per second Prepared by Vince Zaccone For Campus Learning Assistance Services at UCSB