1. Origin, Evolution, and Demise
Mesozoic Reptiles
Origin, Evolution, and Demise

2. Origins Presumably, Mesozoic reptiles are derived from early amniotes.
Oldest amniotes are from Mississipian of Nova Scotia: Westlothiana lizzae was found in 1991.
Archaeothyris (Pelycosaur) and Hylonomus (Romeriid) were around before the end of the Permian.
Generally small: 15cm SVL.

3. Origins
Pelycosaurs were the basal stock of synapsids. The synapsids are the mammal-like reptiles (a single temporal fenestra instead of 2).
Synapsids radiated into about 24 genera.
Small (30cm SVL) and lizard-like.
Radiated into both carnivorous and herbivorous lineages.

4. Carnivorous Synapsids
Ophiacodon and Dimetrodon.
Both had elongated neural spines, presumably for a large sail tham may have been used for thermoregulation.
Both were over 3m long.
Ophiacodon had a narrow snout and may have fed on fish.
Dimetrodon was broad jawed and likely a terrestrail predator.

5. Herbivorous Synapsids
Edaphosaurus was sail finned like Dimetrodon and Ophiacodon.
It had peg-like teeth indicating herbivory.

6. Synapsids Pelycosaur lineage disappeared by the end of the Permian.
Disappearance is perhaps a consequence of the therapsid radiation in the late Permian.

7. Paleozoic Reptiles There are 2 anapsid lineages.
Testudines – there is a complete lack of fossils in the late Paleozoic.
Captorhinids – medium sized, lizard-like reptiles, with broad heads.
Some level of heterodont dentition.
Limbs are slender and long, suggesting agility.

8. Romeriids
These are pre-diapsid, but are not on the anapsid line.

9. Diapsid Origins
Essentially, this is a consideration of the Diapsida (Crocodilians, birds, Rhyncocephalians, and squamates).
It is a monophyletic group.
Diapsids have 2 temporal openings or fenestrae, separated by a single bony arch.

10. Diapsid origins
The upper arch is formed by the 3-pronged postorbital bone and a 3-pronged squamosal bone. The lower arch is formed by the jugal and quadratojugal.
Both arches have been lost repeatedly in various groups - an important point because this loss permits kinesis.

11. Lepidosaur-omorphs: A) Permian petrolacosaurus. B) Sphenodon
Lepidosaur-omorphs: A) Permian petrolacosaurus. B) Sphenodon. E) Crotaphytus. G) Snake, G) Amphisbaenian.

12. Diapsid Origins Derived forms also have a sub-orbital fenestra.
Earliest known diapsid is Petrolacosaurus from the late Carboniferous of Kansas (60-70cm TL).
Derived diapsids can be split into the Archosauromorpha (Crocs, birds, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs) and Lepidosauromorpha (squamates, sphenodon, and some marine reptiles).

13. Araeoscelidia These are the first true diapsid reptiles.
Lizard-like in body proportions.
Dentition is homodont and suggets carnivory.
Dissapear in the middle Permian.

14. Parareptiles Difficult to classify. Include the following:
They contain both primitive and advanced characters.
They do not fit neatly with either the Romeriids, the Diapsids, or the Anapsids.
Include the following:
Mesosaurs
Early Permian, miniature (1m TL), marine, gharial-like.

15. Parareptiles All four of these groups appear in the mid-Permian.
Millerosaurs
Pareiasaurs
Procolophonoids
All four of these groups appear in the mid-Permian.
Only the Procolophonoids persisted to the end of the Triassic.

16. Ichthyostegidae
Nectridia
Microsauria
Temnospondyla
Caecilia
Anura
Urodela
Crassigyrinus
Anthracosauridae
Seymouriamorpha
Captorhinidae
Procolophonidae
Pareiasauridae
Testudines
Diapsida
Dinosauria
Synapsida

17. Ichthyostegidae
Nectridia
Microsauria
Temnospondyla
Caecilia
Anura
Urodela
Crassigyrinus
Anthracosauridae
Seymouriamorpha
Captorhinidae
Procolophonidae
Pareiasauridae
Testudines
Diapsida
Dinosauria
Synapsida 2 1 3 4

18. Characters 1 = Five digit hand and foot 2 = Pedicellate teeth
3 = Astragalus and Calcaneum in Ankle
4 = Two temporal openings in skull.

19. Youngiformes
Sphenodontidae
Sauria
Serpentes
Crocodylia
Pterosauria
Theropda
Aves?
Sauropodomorpha
Ornithopoda
Ceratopsia
Stegosauria
Ankylosauria
Ichthyosaurs
Plesiosaurs 5 6 7

20. Characters 5 = Kinetic Skull 6 = Antorbital Fenestra
7 = Simple Hinge-like Ankle.

22. Albertosaurus

24. Characters for phylogeny:
1) Diapsida: Skull w/ upper and lower temporal fenestrae w/ triradiate postorbitan and squamosal, suborbital fenestra, ossified sternum, complex ankle joint between tibia and astragalus, and 1st metatarsal less than half the length of the 4th metatarsal.

25. Characters for phylogeny:
2) Sauria (Neodiapsida): Anterior process of squamosal narrow, squamosal mainly restricted to top of skull, tabular absent, stapes slender, cleithrum absent, 5th metatarsal hooked, trunk ribs mostly single-headed.

26. Characters for phylogeny:
3) Archosauromorphia: Cervical ribs w/ 2 heads, concave-convex articulation between astragalus and calcaneum.
4) Archosauria: Presence of antorbital fenestra; triangular shaped orbit; and serrated, laterally compressed teeth.
5) Elongated pubis and ilium, 4th trochanter on femur.

27. Characters for phylogeny:
6) Crown group Archosauria: Parietal foramen absent; no palatal teeth on pterygoid, palatine, or vomer.
7) Crurotarsi: Astragalus forms a peg that fits into a socket on the calcaneum.
8) Crocodylomorpha: Secondary palate fromed from at least the maxilla.

28. Characters for phylogeny:
9) Ornithodira: Anterior cervical vertebrae longer than mid-dorsals, interclavicals absent, clavicles reduced or absent, tibia longer than femur, clacaneal tuber rudimentary or absent, metatarsals bunched together and 2-4 elongated.

29. Characters for phylogeny:
10) Pterosauria: Hand w/. 3 short fingers and elongate 4th finger supporting winglike membrane, pteroid bone in wrist, short trunk, short pelvis w/ prepubic bones.
11) Dinosauria: S-shaped swan-like neck, forelimb less than half the length of hindlimb, hand digit 4 reduced, etc.

30. Characters for phylogeny:
12) Lepidosauromorpha: Postfrontal enters border of upper temporal fenestra, supratemporal absent, teeth absent on lateral pterygoid flanges, etc.
13) Sauropterygia: Elongation of postorbital region of skull, enlargement of upper temporal fenestra, elongate and robust mandibular symphysis, curved humerus, radius and ulna equal length.

31. Characters for phylogeny:
14) Lepidosauria: Determinant growth with epiphyses on articulating surfaces of long bones, postparietal and tabular absent, fused astragalus and calcaneum, etc.
15) Squamata: Loss of lower temporal bar (and quadratojugal), kinetic skull, reduction or loss of squamosal, nasals reduced, etc.

32. Petrolaco-saurus and Euparkeria
Petrolaco-saurus and Euparkeria. Note the difference in limb proportions of these early Diapsids.

33. Euparkeria

34. a) Prolacerta w/ incomplete lower temporal arch
a) Prolacerta w/ incomplete lower temporal arch. b) Typical Archosaur Carnosaur Ornithosuchus. c) Femur of Thescelosaurus showing 4th trochanter.

36. Evolution

37. Mesozoic aquatic reptiles. All but (d) are Lepidosauromorphs
Mesozoic aquatic reptiles. All but (d) are Lepidosauromorphs. a) Ichthyosaur - Upper Jurassic b) Plesiosaur – Upper Jurassic c) Nothosaur - Triassic d) Thallatosaur – Middle Triassic e) Placodont – Middle Triassic f) Hupehsuchus – Middle Triassic.

38. Pterosaurs: a) Jurrasic Rhamphorhynchus, b) Cretaceous Pteranodon, c) Anuroganthus (insectivore?), d) Eudimorphodon (small verts), e) Dorygnathus (fish), f) Pteradaustro (plankton), g) Dsungaripterus (mollusks – prying teeth as well as molariform for crushing).

44. Solve breathing problem
differently than crocs –
move nares to top of skull
Phytosaurs: become
Aquatic & croc-like
Ornithischia
(Bird Hips)
Thecodonts
(Teeth implanted
in alveoli, rear legs
longer than fore
Legs).
All later
Archosaurs
Saurischia
(Reptile Hips)

45. Theropoda: good prop & leg forward.
Saurischia
Plateosaurs
(bipedal, small heads,
long necks, long tail)
Palaeopoda
(4-legged gait)
Die out at end of
Triassic
Palaeosaurs
(bipedal – predaceous)
Sauropoda
Start in Jurassic.
Good propulsion, but slow
Getting leg forward.

46. Sauropoda Most fantastic of all dinosaurs.
Jurassic to end of Cretaceous.
Lasted 120my
All basically 1) robust bodies, 2) long tail, 3) long neck, 4) pillar like legs.
Length up to 90’
Ex Brontosaurus 70ft., 30 tons, hind leg 3 claws, foreleg 1 claw.
Cope and Marsh
Diplodocus 90ft., slender & only 10 tons.
Camarasaurus, 15ft., short neck & tail.
All quadrupeds, but rear legs longer than fore. Derived from bipeds?

47. Sauropoda cont.
Exception to the rule: Brachiosaurus – Fore-limb is longer than hind-limb. TL = 75ft., shoulder = 20ft., head at 40ft., nostrils on top of head therefore under water it could breath easily. Weight = 78 tons to 100 tons (= giant whale).
Remember, strength of bone increass in proportion to crossectional area, but weight increases as the cube of the length.
Therefore, as length doubles, limbs are 4x as strong, but mass increases 8x.
Implications? Tend to minimize weight or become aquatic.

48. Sauropoda cont. Did they grow rapidly?
Large pituitary body then you can get rapid growth.
There is a paucity of 3m individuals.
Endothermy? Small heads (and a wealth of other evidence) does not support the endothermy hypothesis.

49. Theropoda There are 2 lineages: Coelurosauria
To end of Cretaceous, small and medium size (to 10ft), bipedal, hollow bones w/ air sacs.
Split in late Cretaceous: ostrich Dinosaurs, eg. Struthiomimus - toothless jaws, look like ostrich, horny bill as in birds. Feed on eggs?

50. Theropoda cont. Carnosaurs Predators of early Jurassic.
Antrodemus c. 30 ft.
Megalosaurs
Allosaurs
large head, large jaws. Extreme fenestration. 2 tons.
Ceratosaurus (horned - 15 ft.)
Spinosaurus (sail)
Deinodonts
Gorgosaurus
Tyrannosaurus 47 ft, 7 tons.

51. Ornithichians These are herbivorous
jaws are toothless, at least in front.
Probably a horny beak.
Tend to be bipedal.

52. Ornithopoda
Hypsilophodon (small, high enamel folds in teeth, late Jurassic to Cretaceous)
Camptosaurus (17ft., 1600 lbs, well developed cheek teeth,
Iguanodontidae (Iguanodon 25 ft.)
Heterodontosaurus (has tusks, skull only 4”)
Hadrosaurus (duck-billed dinosaurs - 30ft, 3 tons). Some had up to 600 teeth in each jaw half, and therefore up to 2000 teeth. Diet consisted of terrestrial vegetation, based on mummies.

53. Ornithopoda cont.
Stegosaurs (2nd group of ornithichians). They go extinct before Tyranosaurus shows up.

54. Ornithopoda
(bipedal)
Ceratopsia
(quadrupedal forms)
Ornithichians
Ankylosaurs
Stegosaurs
(quadrupedal)

55. Ornithopods
Ceratopsians
Ankylosaurs
Stegosaurs
Sauropods
(Brachiosaurus)
Theropods
(T. rex, Oviraptors)
Thecodonts
Aves???
There is a general trend for hind legs longer than fore.

56. Ornithich-ians

58. Stegosaurs & Ankylosaurs

59. Sauropods

60. Theropods

61. Demise

80. Deinony-chus

86. Archeo-pteryx, Ornitho-lestes, and Aves.