1. Vertical Fluid Migration Through Faults
Seismic Evidence of
Vertical Fluid Migration Through Faults
Applications of Chimney and Fault Detection
Roar Heggland
Statoil

2. Seismic Examples Features Associated with Gas Seepage
Gas Seepage From Faults
Chimney and Fault Detection
Charging of Reservoirs Through Faults
Chimneys Above Hydrocarbon Filled Reservoirs

4. 120 ms
120 ms
0.3
0.5
Timeslice Seabed
Chimneys
1 km
3D Seismic Data, Danish North Sea

5. High Resolution Sparker, Danish North Sea

6. 0.5
Carbonate Mounds
1.0
3D Seismic Section, Danish North Sea
1 km

7. 700 ms
Carbonate Mounds
0.7
1.0
Erosion
1.5
1 km
3D Seismic, Composite Display, Danish North Sea

8. 700 ms
Carbonate Mounds
Erosion
1 km
3D Seismic, Timeslice, Danish North Sea

9. 0.5
Carbonate Mounds
0.7
1.0
3D Seismic Section, Dansih North Sea
1 km

10. 0.5
Depressions
0.8
1.0
3D Seismic Section, Danish North Sea
1 km

11. 700 ms
Depressions
1 km
3D Seismic, Timeslice, Danish North Sea

12. NIGERIA

13. 3D Seismic, Nigeria

14. Mud Volcano
Pockmarks
5 km
3D Seismic, Azimuth Map, Seabed, Nigeria

15. 0.8
1.0
3D Seismic Section, Nigeria
Amplitude Map
1 km

16. Mud Volcano
Pockmarks
5 km
3D Seismic, Azimuth Map, Seabed, Nigeria

17. Mud Volcano
5 km
3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Seabed, Nigeria

18. Mud Volcano
5 km
3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Seabed, Nigeria

19. 1.0
3D Seismic Section, Nigeria
1 km

20. 3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Sub Seabed
1 km

21. 3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Sub Seabed
1 km

22. Chimney Detection NN
Standard 3D Seismic
3D, Detected Chimneys

23. Classification Chimney Cube
Standard 3D Cube
Seismic Attributes
Neural Network
Chimney
Classification
Chimney Cube
1 km

24. Fault Detection NN
Standard 3D
3D, Detected Faults

25. 3D, Timeslice, Detected Faults

27. Depression
0.5
Carbonate Mounds
Chimney
Chimney ?
Diapir
1.0
Shallow Gas
1 km
3D Seismic Section, Sleipner

28. 0.5
Carbonate Mounds
Chimney ?
1.0
1 km
3D Seismic Section, Sleipner

29. Carbonate Mounds
1 km
3D Seismic, Amplitude Map, Sleipner

30. 0.7
Chimneys
Chimneys
1.0
Standard 3D Seismic, Sleipner
3D, Detected Chimneys
1 km

32. Shallow Gas? Eocene Reservoir 5 km Standard 3D 3D, Detected Chimneys 1
Shallow Gas? 1 2
Eocene Reservoir 3
5 km
Standard 3D
3D, Detected Chimneys

33. 250 ms
1000 ms
Shallow Gas
2000 ms
Chimneys
3000 ms
Eocene Reservoir
5 km
Jurassic Faults

34. Detected Chimneys above Mapped Base Cretaceous

35. Detected Chimneys above Mapped Base Cretaceous

36. Gas Chimney Model

37. 1 2 Y 3
1 km X

38. 1 2 Y 3 X
1 km

39. 1 2 3
1 km
1 km

40. Gas Chimney Model

41. 3D Section, Detected Chimneys Timeslice, Detected Chimneys
2000 ms 1 2 3 4
Oil Reservoir
3D Section, Detected Chimneys
Timeslice, Detected Chimneys
2 km

42. 3D Section, Detected Chimneys Timeslice, Detected Chimneys
520 ms 1 2 3 4
Oil Reservoir
3D Section, Detected Chimneys
Timeslice, Detected Chimneys
2 km

43. 3 4
3D Gulf of Mexico
1 km

44. 3 4
3D Gulf of Mexico
1 km

45. 3 4
3D Gulf of Mexico
1 km

46. 3 4
3D Gulf of Mexico
1 km

47. 3 4
3D Gulf of Mexico
1 km

48. 3D Gulf of Mexico

49. 3D Gulf of Mexico

50. 3D Gulf of Mexico

51. 3D Gulf of Mexico

52. 3D Gulf of Mexico

53. 1 km
3D Gulf of Mexico

54. 1 km
3D Gulf of Mexico

55. 3D Gulf of Mexico

56. 3D Gulf of Mexico

57. 1 km
3D Gulf of Mexico

58. 1 km
3D Gulf of Mexico

59. 3D Gulf of Mexico

60. 3D Gulf of Mexico

61. 1 km
3D Gulf of Mexico

62. 3D Gulf of Mexico

63. Conclusions • Chimneys Tie in to Features
Associated with Gas Seepage, Shallow
Gas Accumulations, and Deeper
Hydrocarbon Filled Reservoirs
• Chimneys can Show Possible
Hydrocarbon Pathways into
Reservoirs
• Chimneys are Observed to Tie in to
Faults or Fractures