1. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) The IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Your name Your institute Date, place

2. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Key issues addressed in this presentation What is CO 2 capture and storage? How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change? Maturity of the technology Sources of CO 2 and potential reservoirs Cost and potential Health safety and environment risks Legal and regulatory issues

3. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) CO 2 capture and storage system Fuels Processes Storage options

4. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) How could CCS play a role in mitigating climate change? Part of a portfolio of mitigation options Reduce overall mitigation costs by incresing flexibility in achieving greenhouse gas emission reductions Application in developing countries important Energy requirements point of attention

5. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Energy requirements Additional energy use of 10 - 40% (for same output) Capture efficiency: 85 - 95% Net CO 2 reduction: 80 - 90% Assuming safe storage

6. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Research phase Demonstration phase Economically feasible under specific conditions Mature market Maturity of CCS technology Ocean storage Mineral carbonation Industrial utilization Enhanced Coal Bed Methane Saline formations Gas and oil fields Enhanced Oil Recovery Transport Post-combustion Pre-combustion Oxyfuel combustion Industrial separation

7. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Qualifying CO 2 sources Large stationary point sources High CO 2 concentration in the waste, flue gas or by-product stream (purity) Pressure of CO 2 stream Distance from suitable storage sites

8. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Global large stationary CO 2 sources with emissions of more than 0.1 MtCO 2 /year

9. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Planned and current locations of geological storage

10. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Current locations of geological storage Project name CountryInjection start Daily injection (tCO 2 /day) Total planned storage (tCO 2 ) Reservoir type WeyburnCanada20003,000 - 5,00020,000,000EOR In SalahAlgeria20043,000 - 4,00017,000,000Gas field SleipnerNorway19963,00020,000,000Saline formation K12BNetherlands20041008,000,000EGR FrioUnited States20041771,600Saline formation

11. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Geological storage

12. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Ocean storage

13. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Mineral carbonation

14. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities Global distribution of large stationary sources of CO 2 (Based on a compilation of publicly available information on global emission sources, IEA GHG 2002)

15. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Geographical relationship between sources and storage opportunities Storage prospectivity Highly prospective sedimentary basins Prospective sedimentary basins Non-prospective sedimentary basins, metamorphic and igneous rock Data quality and availability vary among regions Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area based on the available information. This figure should be taken as a guide only, because it is based on partial data, the quality of which may vary from region to region, and which may change over time and with new information (Courtesy of Geoscience Australia).

16. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Costs Two ways of expressing costs: Additional electricity costs –Energy policymaking community CO 2 avoidance costs –Climate policymaking community Different outcomes: 0.01 - 0.05 US$/kWh 20* - 270 US$/tCO 2 avoided (with EOR: 0*– 240 US$/tCO 2 avoided) * low-end: capture-ready, low transport cost, revenues from storage: 360 MtCO 2 /yr

17. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) CCS component costs CCS componentCost range Capture from a power plant 15 - 75 US$/tCO 2 net captured Capture from gas processing or ammonia production 5 - 55 US$/tCO 2 net captured Capture from other industrial sources 25 - 115 US$/tCO 2 net captured Transportation 1 - 8 US$/tCO 2 transported per 250km Geological storage 0.5 - 8 US$/tCO 2 injected Ocean storage 5 - 30 US$/tCO 2 injected Mineral carbonation 50 - 100 US$/tCO 2 net mineralized

18. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Economic potential

19. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Economic potential Cost reduction of climate change stabilisation: 30% or more Most scenario studies: role of CCS increases over the course of the century Substantial application above CO 2 price of 25-30 US$/tCO 2 15 to 55% of the cumulative mitigation effort worldwide until 2100 220 - 2,200 GtCO 2 cumulatively up to 2100, depending on the baseline scenario, stabilisation level (450 - 750 ppmv), cost assumptions

20. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Health, safety, environment risks In general: lack of real data, so comparison with current operations CO 2 pipelines: similar to or lower than those posed by hydrocarbon pipelines Geological storage: –appropriate site selection, a monitoring program to detect problems, a regulatory system, remediation methods to stop or control CO 2 releases if they arise: –comparable to risks of current activities (natural gas storage, EOR, disposal of acid gas)

21. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Health, safety, environment risks: potential leakage from geological reservoirs and remediation

22. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Health, safety, environment risks Ocean storage: –pH change –Mortality of ocean organisms –Ecosystem consequences –Chronic effects unknown Mineral carbonation: –Mining and disposal of resulting products –Some of it may be re-used

23. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Impacts –pH change –Mortality of ocean organisms –Ecosystem consequences –Chronic effects unknown Ocean Storage Change of bacteria, nanobenthos and meiobenthos abundace after exposure to 20,000 and 5,000 ppm for 77-375 hrs during experiments carried out at 2000 m depth in NW Pacific 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% -20% -40% -60% -80% -100% <10  m10-30  m MeibenthosNanobenthosBacteria Change population 20,000 ppm 5000 ppm

24. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Will leakage compromise CCS as a climate change mitigation option? Fraction retained in appropriately selected and managed geological reservoirs is –very likely to exceed 99% over 100 years, and –is likely to exceed 99% over 1,000 years. "Likely" is a probability between 66 and 90%, "very likely" of 90 to 99% Release of CO 2 from ocean storage would be gradual over hundreds of years Sufficient?

25. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) What are the legal and regulatory issues for implementing CO 2 storage? Onshore: national regulation –Few legal or regulatory frameworks for long-term CO 2 storage liabilities Offshore: international treaties –OSPAR (regional), London Convention –Ocean storage and sub-seabed geological storage –Unclear whether or under what conditions CO 2 injection is compatible with international law

26. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC) Thank you Report published by Cambridge University Press Order at www.cambridge.org Documents available on www.ipcc.ch More information: ipcc3tsu@mnp.nl