3. Weber Fractions

4. Decibel Scale Of Sound Energy

5. FECHNER’S LAW:  = Klog I

7. STEVEN’S LAW:  = K(i) n

9. Electromagnetic Spectrum

14. Color Cone

15. Color Circle

16. Cross Section Of The Eye

18. Retinal Cells

19. Cross Section Of Retina

20. Path of Light to Rods & Cones

23. THEORETICAL THRESHOLD FUNCTION

24. THRESHOLD FOR ONE QUANTUM

29. Stimuli for “Subliminal” Threshold Experiment WordFreq. Value*WordFreq. Value* lotus10kotex1** capon10mixer1 raped13terse4 lathe11penis1** belly47hilly10 noted45knack13 clear1filth4 whore4clove4 tiara4bitch4 Av. Taboo10.6 Av. Neutral10.3 *frequency of occurrence in 4 1/2 million words according to the Thorndike-Lorge semantic count. **estimated frequency

32. Payoff Matrices Signal OnOffOnOff Response:Yes+1c-10cYes+25c-1c No-1c+1cNo-1c+1c

33. Frequency Of Signals In Detection Experiment Presentation rate of.9rate of.2Signal OnOffOnOff ResponseYes.97.62Yes.28.04 No.03.38No.72.96

34. Rate of Hits and False Alarms as a Function of the Relative Frequency of Trials on Which Signal was Presented. % of trials on which signal is present % hits% false alarms 909680 507240 10395

35. ROC Curves

36. Day Vision (cones) Night Vision (rods)

37. Rod Cone Sensitivity Functions

40. Dark Adaptation

41. Effect of Vitamin A Loss on Dark Adaptation Threshold

44. ACUITY CHART

45. Measuring Visual Acuity

47. Effect of Illumination on Visual Acuity

48. Distributions Of Rods And Cones

49. Camera Vs. Eye

50. Duplicity Theory Cones:Rods: Number: >7 x 10 6 >125 x 10 6 Connections with ganglion cells:1:11: many Wavelength of greatest sensitivity:555 nm505 nm Color vision:yesno Dark adaptation:~7 min~40 min Spatial resolution:highlow Temporal resolution:fastslow

51. Stabilized Image

52. Comparison Of Eye And Camera EYECAMERA Stability of imageConstantly oscillatingSteady Shutter openedContinuous during waking hours Discrete (shutter is typically closed) Image qualityPoorSharp SensitivityDynamic range 1,000,000 : 1 Specific to type of film Black/White or ColorBothSpecific to type of film Refinement of image after exposure YesNo AdaptationYesNo Temporal contrastYesNo SimultaneousYesNo

54. Stimulus Luminance Profile

55. Mach Bands - Edge Enhancement Illusion

57. Mach Bands

64. Lateral Inhibition

65. Interactions between excitatory & inhibitory cells How the retina enhances edges.

67. No Lateral Inhibition

68. Lateral Inhibition

71. Rate of Hits and False Alarms as a Function of the Relative Frequency of Trials on Which Signal was Presented. % of Trials on Which%Hits: % False Alarms Signal is present: 909680 507240 1039 5

76. No Lateral Inhibition

77. Fovea