1. Unit 7B: Cognition: Thinking, Problem Solving, Creativity, and Language

2. Unit Overview Thinking Language Thinking and Language
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3. Introduction
Cognition (thinking)
Cognitive psychologists

4. Thinking

5. Concepts
Concepts
Category hierarchies
prototype

16. Solving Problems Strategies
Algorithms
Step-by-step
Heuristic
Insight

17. Solving Problems Creativity
Strernberg’s five components
Expertise
Imaginative thinking skills
A venturesome personality
Intrinsic motivation
A creative environment

18. Solving Problems Obstacles to Problem Solving
Confirmation bias
Fixation
Mental set
Functional fixedness

19. Solving Problems Obstacles to Problem Solving
Confirmation bias
Fixation
Mental set
Functional fixedness

20. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics
The Representative Heuristic

21. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Using and Misusing Heuristics
The Availability Heuristic

22. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments Overconfidence

23. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Belief Perseverance Phenomenon
Consider the opposite

24. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Perils and Powers of Intuition
Unconscious intuition

25. Making Decisions and Forming Judgments The Effects of Framing
Framing experiments

26. Language

27. Language Introduction

28. Language Structure Phonemes
English about 40 phonemes
Learning another language’s phonemes

29. Language Structure Morphemes
Includes prefixes and suffixes

30. Language Structure Grammar
Semantics
Syntax

31. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?
Receptive language
Productive language
Babbling stage
One-word stage
Two-word stage
Telegraphic speech

32. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?

33. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?

34. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?

35. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?

36. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?

37. Language Development When Do We Learn Language?

38. Language Development Explaining Language Development
Skinner: Operant Learning
Learning principles
Association
Imitation
Reinforcement

39. Language Development Explaining Language Development
Chomsky: Inborn Universal Grammar
Language acquisition device
Universal grammar

40. Language Development Explaining Language Development
Statistical Learning and Critical Periods
Statistical learning
Critical (sensitive) period

41. Thinking and Language

42. Language Influences Thinking
Whorf’s linguistic determinism
Bilingual advantage

43. Thinking in Images
Implicit memory

44. The End

45. Teacher Information Types of Files Animation
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46. Teacher Information
Hyperlink Slides - This presentation contain two types of hyperlinks. Hyperlinks can be identified by the text being underlined and a different color (usually purple).
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47. Teacher Information Continuity slides
Throughout this presentation there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes.
By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts.
By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation.
To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides.
Please feel free to contact me at with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations.
Kent Korek
Germantown High School
Germantown, WI 53022

48. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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49. Division title (green print) subdivision title (blue print)
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50. Definition Slide
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51. Definition Slides

52. Cognition
= the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating.

53. Concept
= a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people.

54. Prototype
= a mental image or best example of a category. Matching new items to a prototype provides a quick and easy method for sorting items into categories (as when comparing feathered creatures to a prototypical bird, such as a robin).

55. Algorithm
= a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. Contrasts with the usually speedier – but also more error-prone – use of heuristics.

56. Heuristic
= a simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently; usually speedier but also more error-prone than algorithms.

57. Insight
= a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem; it contrasts with strategy-based solutions.

58. Creativity
= the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas.

59. Confirmation Bias
= a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

60. Fixation
= the inability to see a problem from a new perspective, by employing a different mental set.

61. Mental Set
= a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past.

62. Functional Fixedness
= the tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions; an impediment to problem solving.

63. Representativeness Heuristic
= judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match, particular prototypes; may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

64. Availability Heuristic
= estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory; if instances come readily to mind (perhaps because of their vividness), we presume such events are common

65. Overconfidence
= the tendency to be more confident that correct – to over-estimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

66. Belief Perseverance
= clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they are formed has been discredited.

67. Intuition
= an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought, as contrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning.

68. Framing
= the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgments.

69. Language
= our spoken, written, or signed words and the ways we combine them to communicate meaning.

70. Phoneme
= in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit.

71. Morpheme
= in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix).

72. Grammar
= in a language, a system of rules that enables us to communicate with and understand others.

73. Semantics
= the set of rules by which we derive meaning from morphemes, words, and sentences in a given language; also, the study of meaning.

74. Syntax
= the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language.

75. Babbling Stage
= beginning at about 4 months, the stage of speech development in which the infant spontaneously utters various sounds at first unrelated to the household language.

76. One-word Stage
= the stage in speech development, from about age 1 to 2, during which a child speaks mostly in single words.

77. Two-word Stage
= beginning about age 2, the stage in speech development during which a child speaks mostly two-word statements.

78. Telegraphic Speech
= early speech state in which a child speaks like a telegram – “go car” – using mostly nouns and verbs.

79. Linguistic Determinism
= Whorf’s hypothesis that language determines the way we think.