1. Bethami A. Dobkin Roger C. Pace Communication in a Changing World, 2006 Edition McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. C H A P T E R 6-1 6 Appreciating and Using Nonverbal Communication

2. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-2 Nonverbal Communication Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal CommunicationBasic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Functions of Nonverbal Communication Types of Nonverbal Communication Communicating Responsibly: Managing Nonverbal Cues EffectivelyCommunicating Responsibly: Managing Nonverbal Cues Effectively

3. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-3 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication “We will try to persuade with our words, but if our words fail, we will try to persuade with out acts.” —Martin Luther King, Jr.

4. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-4 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is Not Language –Nonverbal communication is defined as messages expressed through symbols other than words –Also call nonlinguistic, a characteristic of nonverbal communication indicating that nonverbal messages are outside languages

5. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-5 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication “Emotion constantly finds expression in bodily position.” —Mabel Elsworth Todd, dancer, educator, author

6. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-6 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is Often Linked to Our Emotions –Most nonverbal communication is intrinsic, or inherently connected to our inner feelings or emotions –The intrinsic nature of nonverbal cues leads us to perceive them as more truthful or genuine than verbal communication –The intrinsic nature of nonverbal messages also makes some of them more universal than verbal messages

7. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-7 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is Highly Contextual –Nonverbal messages often get their precise meaning from the communication context Nonverbal Communication Is Influenced by Culture and Gender –The way we use and understand nonverbal messages is also dependent on our cultural knowledge and values

8. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-8 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Exploring Communication Concepts –Gender Differences in Nonverbal Communication How do you differ from the general tendencies listed above? How are you similar? Why do you think men generally make less eye contact than women? What are some possible reasons that men use more space than women?

9. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-9 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Nonverbal Communication Is Continuous –Nonverbal message flow in continuous, or steady streams of cues rather than individual, distinct bits of information

10. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-10 Basic Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication Figure 6-1. Characteristics of Nonverbal Communication

11. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-11 Types of Nonverbal Communication Many of our nonverbal behaviors employ kinesics, the use of body motion to communicate nonverbally

12. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-12 Types of Nonverbal Communication Facial Expressions –Most nonverbal experts believe that your face is the richest source of nonverbal clues

13. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-13 Types of Nonverbal Communication Eye Contact –We seem to use prolonged eye contact to compensate for lack of physical proximity –Eye contact communicates involvement and interest

14. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-14 Types of Nonverbal Communication Gestures –Gestures are defined as a significant movement of the body that expresses a message to a receiver (Thomas 1991) –Emblems are gestures with clear and specific meanings –Using Gestures to Regulate Interactions –Using Gestures to Adjust or Adapt –Using Gestures to Illustrate

15. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-15 Types of Nonverbal Communication Gestures (continued) –Using Gestures to Regulate Interactions We use gestures to initiate, coordinate, and terminate communication –Using Gestures to Adjust or Adapt We also use gestures called adaptors to adjust or adapt to our environment –Using Gestures to Illustrate Speaker’s gestures, or illustrators, are important communicative tools that emphasize, accent, or clarify our verbal communication

16. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-16 Types of Nonverbal Communication Proxemics –The study of space is called proxemics Personal Space 1. The intimate zone is the closest space and extends approximately 18 inches form your body 2. The personal zone extends from 18 inches to four feet from your body 3. The social zone extends four to eight feet from your body 4. The public zone extends beyond eight feet from your body Territoriality is the human need to mark and defend space

17. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-17 Types of Nonverbal Communication Touch –Haptics is the use of touch to communicate nonverbally

18. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-18 Types of Nonverbal Communication Vocalics –Vocalics is the use of the voice to communicate nonverbally Probably the most important aspect of vocalics is voice quality 1. Rate is how fast you talk 2. Volume is the loudness of your voice 3. Inflection is the vocal emphasis you place on words

19. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-19 Types of Nonverbal Communication Odor –Odors are sometimes forgotten nonverbal cues, our sensory environment is full of pleasant and unpleasant smells that communicate a variety of messages –Culture plays a big role in what smells communicate

20. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-20 Types of Nonverbal Communication Time –Chronemics is the use of time to communicate Time as an Indicator of Money and Status –Time is a strong indicator of power and status in our society Time as an Indicator of Competence Cultural Views of Time –Many cultures view time as circular, in which events happen concurrently, called polychronic

21. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-21 Types of Nonverbal Communication Artifacts –Artifacts is the use of objects to communicate nonverbally

22. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-22 Communicating Responsibly: Managing Nonverbal Cues Effectively Monitor Your Nonverbal Messages –The first step toward using nonverbal communication effectively is being conscious of the messages you are sending Avoid Intrusive Nonverbal Cues –Nonverbal communication is powerful, and it can easily be misused in ways that violate the privacy or to threaten others

23. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-23 Communicating Responsibly: Managing Nonverbal Cues Effectively Remember the Cultural Context of Nonverbal Cues –Being sensitive to and tolerating the difference between cultures is one of the most important communication skills you can develop

24. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-24 Summary Nonverbal communication is nonlinguistic and is often intrinsically connected to the emotions we feel Nonverbal communication can augment, repeat, or highlight words or phrases We use eye contact to compensate for lack of physical proximity, to regulate verbal interaction, to establish immediacy or closeness with others, and to exert control or dominance

25. McGraw-Hill © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. 6-25 Summary Kinesics is the use of body movement to communicate nonverbally Proxemics is the use of space to communicate nonverbally Touch conveys a variety of messages depending upon the relationship of the people touching We use our voice to communicate messages other than words