1. Federalism

2. Defining Federalism

3. The Constitutional Basis of Federalism

4. Intergovernmental Relations Today Dual Federalism Dual Federalism Definition: a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies Definition: a system of government in which both the states and the national government remain supreme within their own spheres, each responsible for some policies Like a layer cake Like a layer cake Narrowly interpreted powers of federal government Narrowly interpreted powers of federal government Ended in the 1930’s Ended in the 1930’s

5. Intergovernmental Relations Today Cooperative Federalism Cooperative Federalism Definition: a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government Definition: a system of government in which powers and policy assignments are shared between states and the national government Like a marble cake Like a marble cake Shared costs and administration Shared costs and administration States follow federal guidelines States follow federal guidelines

6. Intergovernmental Relations Today Fiscal Federalism Fiscal Federalism Definition: the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments Definition: the pattern of spending, taxing, and providing grants in the federal system; it is the cornerstone of the national government’s relations with state and local governments

7. Intergovernmental Relations Today

8. Fiscal Federalism (continued) Fiscal Federalism (continued) The Grant System: Distributing the Federal Pie The Grant System: Distributing the Federal Pie Categorical Grants: federal grants that can be used for specific purposes; grants with strings attached Categorical Grants: federal grants that can be used for specific purposes; grants with strings attached Project Grants: based on merit Project Grants: based on merit Formula Grants: amount varies based on formulas Formula Grants: amount varies based on formulas Block Grants: federal grants given more or less automatically to support broad programs Block Grants: federal grants given more or less automatically to support broad programs Grants are given to states & local governments. Grants are given to states & local governments.

9. Intergovernmental Relations Today Fiscal Federalism (continued) Fiscal Federalism (continued) The Scramble for Federal Dollars The Scramble for Federal Dollars $460 billion in grants every year $460 billion in grants every year Grant distribution follows universalism—a little something for everybody. Grant distribution follows universalism—a little something for everybody. The Mandate Blues The Mandate Blues Mandates direct states or local governments to comply with federal rules under threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of a federal grant. Mandates direct states or local governments to comply with federal rules under threat of penalties or as a condition of receipt of a federal grant. Unfunded mandates Unfunded mandates

10. Understanding Federalism Advantages for Democracy Advantages for Democracy Increases access to government Increases access to government Local problems can be solved locally Local problems can be solved locally Hard for political parties or interest groups to dominate all politics Hard for political parties or interest groups to dominate all politics Disadvantages for Democracy States have different levels of service Local interest can counteract national interests Too many levels of government and too much money

11. Understanding Federalism

13. Key Concepts in Federalist Papers Constitutional Underpinnings of the United States Government Federalism, Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, Representation, Pluralism Federalism, Separation of Powers, Checks and Balances, Representation, Pluralism Ideological and philosophical justifications of the Constitution Ideological and philosophical justifications of the Constitution Factions Factions Bill of Rights Bill of Rights Role of the institutions of government Role of the institutions of government Contending theories of American government Contending theories of American government

14. The Ratification Debate Crucial states—PA, MASS, VA, NY Crucial states—PA, MASS, VA, NY First 36 completed by January,1788 First 36 completed by January,1788 Next 49 completed in Vol. 2—May 28 Next 49 completed in Vol. 2—May 28 Madison wrote 40% of final product while the Continental Congress was sitting in NY Madison wrote 40% of final product while the Continental Congress was sitting in NY Jay—wounded in a street riot soon after Federalist series released Jay—wounded in a street riot soon after Federalist series released Returned to write in Federalist 64 Returned to write in Federalist 64 Checks and balances mentioned once—Federalist 9 Checks and balances mentioned once—Federalist 9

15. Experience Experience mentioned 91 times—bookends to The Federalist Papers Experience mentioned 91 times—bookends to The Federalist Papers “After an unequivocal experience of the inefficiency of the subsisting Federal Government, you are called upon to deliberate on a new Constitution for the United States of America.” Federalist 1, Hamilton “After an unequivocal experience of the inefficiency of the subsisting Federal Government, you are called upon to deliberate on a new Constitution for the United States of America.” Federalist 1, Hamilton Quoting Hume, “To balance a large state or society (says he) whether monarchical or republican, or general laws, is a word of so great difficulty, that no human genius, however comprehensive, is able by the mere dint of reason and reflection, to effect it. The judgments of many must unite in the work: EXPERIENCE must guide their labor: TIME must bring it to perfection: And the feeling of inconveniences must correct the mistakes which they inevitably fall into, in their first trials and experiments.” Federalist 85, Hamilton. Quoting Hume, “To balance a large state or society (says he) whether monarchical or republican, or general laws, is a word of so great difficulty, that no human genius, however comprehensive, is able by the mere dint of reason and reflection, to effect it. The judgments of many must unite in the work: EXPERIENCE must guide their labor: TIME must bring it to perfection: And the feeling of inconveniences must correct the mistakes which they inevitably fall into, in their first trials and experiments.” Federalist 85, Hamilton.

16. The Ratification Debate Political argument Political argument WWJMD? WWJMD? Reflection of Federalist thought? Reflection of Federalist thought? Grouped around major themes Grouped around major themes 1-14 advantages of a more perfect union 1-14 advantages of a more perfect union 15-24 weaknesses of the AOC 15-24 weaknesses of the AOC 23-36 what powers ought to be exercised by national government 23-36 what powers ought to be exercised by national government 37-85 proposed Constitution and how it conforms to the principles of good government and republican principles 37-85 proposed Constitution and how it conforms to the principles of good government and republican principles

17. The Ratification Debate Process of Ratification debate Process of Ratification debate Three Debates pertaining to: Three Debates pertaining to: 1. Legality of Convention 2. Endorsement of Constitution and its adoption 3. Amendments to the Constitution 8 month period—Sept.87—June 88 8 month period—Sept.87—June 88 Bulk done in December Bulk done in December All debates have one thing in common—include at least one member from the Philadelphia Convention who usually introduced the document All debates have one thing in common—include at least one member from the Philadelphia Convention who usually introduced the document

18. The Ratification Debate Debate itself Debate itself 95 different newspapers 95 different newspapers 2 at least in every state 2 at least in every state Philly, NY, Boston media centers Philly, NY, Boston media centers Federalist positioning in papers Federalist positioning in papers Only 6 of 95 were Anti-Federalist (13 leaned) Only 6 of 95 were Anti-Federalist (13 leaned)

19. Federalism and The Federalist Papers “The powers…to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite. The former will be exercised principally on external objects such as war, peace, negotiation, and foreign commerce….The powers reserved to the several States will extend to all the objects which…concern the lives, liberties, and properties of the State.” “The powers…to the federal government are few and defined. Those which are to remain in the State governments are numerous and indefinite. The former will be exercised principally on external objects such as war, peace, negotiation, and foreign commerce….The powers reserved to the several States will extend to all the objects which…concern the lives, liberties, and properties of the State.” Federalist 45, Madison Federalist 45, Madison

20. Federalism and The Federalist Papers “Both governments are in fact different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different power.” “Both governments are in fact different agents and trustees of the people, constituted with different power.” Federalist 46, Madison Federalist 46, Madison “If their rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.” “If their rights are invaded by either, they can make use of the other as the instrument of redress.” Federalist 28, Hamilton Federalist 28, Hamilton