1. Regional Disparity and Development Pols 322 Douglas Brown November 2010

2. Theories of Regional Disparities and Development  Three main theoretical approaches:  Neo-Marxist, theory of “underdevelopment”  Neoclassical economics  Institutional political science

3. Neo-Marxist theory  Class-based analysis of society and politics  Ownership and spatial concentration of wealth is important  Structure of development versus underdevelopment: regions are “kept” undeveloped or underdeveloped  International application, but also within a large country such as Canada  Metropolitan-Hinterland thesis is a variant of this analysis

4. Neoclassical Economics  The market is (or should be) what determines development.  Geographic and natural resource development help determine economic distribution of resources  The free market will adjust labour and capital to promote optimal allocation of resources  Economic integration and trade patterns important to consider  More recently: human capital formation seen as important factor

5. Institutional Theory  Politics and the shape of institutions drive economic outcomes  Policy factors shape the economy over time  Markets (and their rules) are themselves institutions.  In a regionally diverse economy, some regions win, some lose, according to their political influence and input to institutions

6. Actual Policy Solutions Employed in Canada to deal with regional disparities  Constitutional Provisions  Fiscal Federalism  Direct Regional Development Spending Programs  State Enterprises

7. Constitutional Provisions  Provinces have significant fiscal and legal power to shape their own economies (so-called “province-building”)  Federal government uses its spending power to redistribute income from richer regions and individuals to poorer ones.  Section 36, Constitution Act, 1982 provides a general commitment to regional equality of opportunity, economic development to reduce disparities, and fiscal equalization.

8. Fiscal Federalism  FF = The system of revenue sharing, expenditure sharing, and direct intergovernmental transfers in any multi-level government political community  Fiscal equalization = A Federal government program to top-up the revenues of provinces with below-average fiscal capacity  Equalization provides unconditional grants to the recipient provinces -- allows provinces the autonomy to spend as they like…to alleviate disparities in basic services.  CHT = Canada Health Transfer….it and other federal transfer programs (intergovernmental grants) are more or less conditional…i.e. funds are for a specified purpose.

9. Regional Development Programs  All governments involved: both cooperative and competitive programs  Types of spending:  Public Infrastructure  Grants and Loans to Business  Sectoral strategies  Political and Bureaucratic Factors are important: partisan pork-barrel, regional ministers, nature of regional agencies

10. State Enterprises (a.k.a. Crown Corporations)  Role in Historic Development:  railways, canals, pipelines, airlines, telecommunications  Nationalization of Private Business:  uranium, potash, steel, electricity, shipbuilding  In decline as a policy instrument:  commercialization and privatization now the norm  Should they be used more?

11. Current issues  Is equalization sufficient to ensure similar national standards in programs?  Are regional development programs working? Is there fairness in federal industrial policy?  What impact is free trade having on regional disparities?  Are we allowing the market to work properly?