1. Plant kingdom diversity

2. Plant groups  Bryophytes (seedless, non-vascular)  Seedless vascular plants  Gymnosperms  Angiosperms

3. Cladogram Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants GymnospermsAngiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle

4. Bryophytes  think moss

5. Bryophytes  Small  Found only in damp, moist areas on land  1) Leaves must touch water for photosynthesis  2) Sperm swims through water to reach egg in gametophyte

6. Bryophytes gametophyte sporophyte

7. Alternation of generations Multicellular diploid organism (2n) Unicellular haploid cells (n) meiosis Unicellular diploid zygote (2n) mitosis (spores) Multicellular haploid organism (n) mitosis Unicellular haploid gametes (n) fertilization sporophyte gametophyte mitosis

8. Cladogram Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Evolution of vascular tissue

9. Vascular tissue  Set of tubes that transport materials around plant  Allows plants to grow taller  Water travels up through xylem  Sugar travels throughout in phloem

10. Seedless vascular plants  Think ferns

11. Ferns live further on land  Still must be in moist areas  Sporophyte survives fine with vascular tissue  But sperm must still swim to egg in tiny gametophyte

12. Fern gametophyte

13. Cladogram Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of pollen grains / seeds

14. Pollen grains  Hard covering around sperm, light weight allows travel by wind  Removes water requirement for fertilization

15. Sperm still swims  At the very end when pollen lands on another plant of same species  Pollen tube connects to ovary, sperm swim to egg

16. Full colonization of land  Vascular tissue  +  Reproduction through air

17. Seeds  Tough coat protects newly fertilized embryo  Also contains supply of food (endosperm) to survive during dormancy period

18. Gymnosperms  Think cones (any conifer like pine trees) female ovary male pollen cone

19. Gymnosperm pollen strategy  Release a lot, hope some pollinate  (Meanwhile, irritating everyone else)

20. Cladogram Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Evolution of flowers / fruits

21. Angiosperms  Think flowers (most diverse plant group)

22. Flowers  Attract animals to help carry pollen to the next flower  Color or scent attractors guide animals to obtain sugar from plant  Oh, and while you’re at it, grab some pollen  Some angiosperms still wind pollinate (grass)

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24. After fertilization, ovary becomes fruit

25. Fruit  Typically collects sugar to attract animals  Seeds survive animal digestive system, pooped out far away from parent (and with free fertilizer!)  Some are not eaten by animals, just help wind carry seed (dandelion)

26. Asexual reproduction  Plants can also reproduce asexually  Many plant parts can regrow to make a whole new organism when separated (vegetative reproduction)

27. Cladogram Bryophytes Green algae Seedless vascular plants Gymnosperms Angiosperms Evolution of specialized cells / tissue Evolution of cuticle Evolution of vascular tissue Evolution of pollen grains / seeds Evolution of flowers / fruits