1. By: Sammie Keitlen and Brandon Johnson

2. 1 year life cycle Late Summer: Adults leave dead trees -Seek out new trees -Beetles mate -Form a tunnel under the bark -Produce around 75 eggs Winter: Larvae stay in the tree Spring: Larvae feed on tree

3. Seed production begins at 5- 10 years Cones remain on trees for 10-20 years Older trees are less resistant to disease Average age of Colorado Pines are 80- 200 years old

4. R- strategist 2002- drought -incipient- then erupts -Epidemic 2010- -the growth rate is decreasing Endemic -British Columbia to southern California Invasive species

5. Chemicals Fire Temperatures -extreme heat under bark - 5 days of -30 degrees Precipitation -wet summers

6. Fire Climate Change -drought -temperature Disease Over Crowding Lack of Fire - trees grow old: susceptible to disease

7. Birds- Woodpeckers Well- spaced healthy trees Parasites Larger insects Tree resistance- “pitch outs” Forest diversity- age, structure, species

8. Humans Woodpeckers Blue-Stain Fungi Insects

9. Population control Kill stressed and old trees -increases diversity Helps renew the forest by succession Source of food for some animals

10. Provide habitats for mammals, insects, and birds Pioneer Species after forest fires - Play an important role in succession Source of food for animals

11. Infect with Blue-stain fungi Kill the tree Tree produce “pitch outs”- attempt to drown/ flush the beetle out Not necessarily harmful effect: - change diversity, age, and structure of forest Epidemic Population growth- disastrous effect

12. Pine beetles leave large holes in bark of a tree Patches of missing bark Ten months after the infestation, the needles of infested pines will turn reddish-brown.

13. The past few decades have had Warmer Temperatures Low amount of rainfall This creates a higher death rate for the trees Pine Beetle populations grew because of high temperatures and low rainfall

14. Colorado has synthesized the idea of having district managers for the forest locations in their county. President Theodore Roosevelt's decision to set aside vast tracts of western highland forests was in response to widespread exploitation by logging operations that began to sweep across the West in the late 1870s

15. The temperature must be consistently be below - 35 Celsius or -40 Celsius for several straight days to kill off large populations of the Mountain Pine Beetle. Climate is warming- Pine Beetle Population will consistently grow You can control some populations by burning, burying, chipping or removing infested logs

16. If all the trees are dead from MPB, then tourism will be affected Skiing, camping, hiking, biking, etc. There will be a reduced amount of shelter for wildlife if trees are continually dying Affecting other organisms Lowering oxygen rates

17. - Fire Science Brief - Clean Water- Insect Outbreaks and Watersheds - The Influence of Previous Mountain Pine Beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) Activity on the 1988 Yellowstone Fires - Challenges of a Bark Beetle Outbreak- What Are Land Managers Doing? - Mountain Pine Beetle - Environmental characteristics of mountain pine beetle infestation hot spots - Bark Beetles: Are Your Trees At Risk? - Manager’s Viewpoint - Western U.S. Forests Suffer Death By Degrees - http://plantwatch.fanweb.ca/plant-information/lodgepole-pine/lodgepole-pine- information http://plantwatch.fanweb.ca/plant-information/lodgepole-pine/lodgepole-pine- information - http://www.barkbeetles.org/mountain/fidl2.htm http://www.barkbeetles.org/mountain/fidl2.htm - http://utahcamping.blogspot.com/2009/07/utah-field-guide-lodgepole-pines- and.html http://utahcamping.blogspot.com/2009/07/utah-field-guide-lodgepole-pines- and.html