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Classification of Life Chapter 17
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How Classification Began ▫Classification-grouping objects or information based on similarities ▫Taxonomy- Branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on studies of their different characteristics ▫Aristotle’s System (384-322B.C.) Everything was either a plant or an animal System stood for centuries
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Aristotle’s System- grouped by analogous structures
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Linneaus’ system of Binomial Nomenclature Based on physical and structural similarities (resulted in grouping that revealed relationships between organisms) Explained evolutionary relationships Uses binomial nomenclature- 2 word naming system Genus- 1 st word, groups similar species Specific epithet(SPECIES) describes the characteristics of the organism. Humans: Homo sapiens where homo=genus, sapiens= wise (Greek)
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Scientific vs. Common Names Latin is language of taxonomists Common names- common to area they are found. Example: Car Hood (USA) = Bonnet (Britian) Flashlight (USA) vs. Torch (Britian)
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Modern Classification: TAXONOMY Uses underlying evolutionary relationships as well as external and internal relationships How it works: A framework (are dinosaurs more closely related to reptiles or birds?) Useful tool- helps to identify unknown species Helpful in Economy- Knowing pine trees contain a useful substance for disinfecting may lead to finding another disinfectant in a similar species.
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TAXONOMIC RANKINGS Larger taxa- broad groups ie. Animal Kingdom Smallest taxa- more specific, organisms can interbreed and produce viable offspring. Kingdom- largest division 6 total Phylum- similar classes- in plant kingdom may call it divisions Class- similar orders Order- similar families Family – similar genus Genus- similar species Species- most specific, can interbreed.
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7 TAXA Kingdom- largest division 6 total Phylum- similar classes- in plant kingdom may call it divisions Class- similar orders Order- similar families Family – similar genus Genus- similar species Species- most specific, can interbreed.
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Problem solving lab 17.1
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Determining Evolutionary Relationships 1.Structural similarities- may imply a shared ancestor. If you observe an unknown with retractable claws you will put them in the cat family. 2.Breeding behavior- may differentiate among species (ie. Hyla versicolor and Hyla chryosocelis) 3.Geographical Distribution- Location of the species on the Earth.
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Evolutionary relationships cont… 4. Chromosome Comparison Banding in metaphase 1 Size of chromosomes Position of the centromere 5. Biochemistry DNA sequences Proteins found Nucleotide sequences
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Phylogenic Classification Models PHYLOGENY- evolutionary history of an organism. Species with the same ancestor, share and evolutionary history. ▫Cladistics System of classification based on phylogeny Assume organisms diverge from a common ancestral group. CLADOGRAM (fig 17.7) – model of phylogeny of species. Similar to a family pedigree
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CLADOGRAM Velociraptor Archaeopteryx Robin Light bones 3-toed foot; wishbone Down feathers Feathers with shaft, veins, and barbs Flight feathers; arms as long as legs Theropods Allosaurus Sinornis
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Phylongeny cont… ▫Fanlike Model (fig 17.8)- Give more information than a cladogram Phylogeny Time Extinction Anatomy Genetics Etc… 6 kingdoms: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Protists, Fungi, Plants, Animals
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Six Kingdoms of Organisms Arranged based on: 1. Organization (uni/multicell) 2. How they obtain energy or eat.(heterotroph, autotroph) 3. Prokaryotic or eukaryotic- complexity of cell structure.
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Prokaryotes: ▫Prokaryotes: MONERANS Microscopic Unicellular No distinct nuclei Organelles are not membrane bound organelles. Heterotrophs or Autotrophs (may be photosynthetic or chemosynthetic
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2 kingdoms of prokaryotes:MONERANS 1.ARCHAEBACTERIA- most live in extreme environments without oxygen. Example: ocean depths, swamp, volcano 2. EUBACTERIA- 5000 species, strong cell walls, complex genetic make-up, most are harmless, some cause disease, for example,strep throat.
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3. Protist kingdom- Eukaryotes Eukaryotic but lack complex organ systems Live in moist environments (pond scum) Uni /multicellular Plant like autotrophs Animal like heterotrophs Fungus like- heterotrophs with reproductive structures like fungus. Cilia Oral groove Gullet Micronucleus and macronucleus Contractile vacuole Anal pore
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4.Fungus- earth’s decomposers Heterotrophs that DO NOT move from place to place Multicellular (except yeast) Eukaryotic Absorbs nutrients form organic material in environment 50,000 known species
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5. Plants Multicellular Photosynthetic eukaryotes Produce oxygen Cell walls and chloroplasts typical Mosses, ferns and evergrees 250.000 known species
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6. Animals Multicellular consumers(heterotrophs) Nearly all mobile DO NOT have cell walls Organization: Cells Tissues organs organ systems organism
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