1. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Achieving Energy Efficiency in Buildings Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering Co-chair, BU Energy Committee Member, BU Sustainability Committee gevelber@bu.edu Results of BU Energy Audit Course Overview of US Building Energy Use Achieving Energy Efficiencies in Commercial Buildings Residential: Perform your own energy audit

2. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Plasma Spray: TBC’s & Fuel Cells Ebeam deposition: optical coatings Electrospinning: nanofiber P V HH Crystal Growth Advanced Control Research Application Areas

3. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab What ’ s Global Warming & What Causes it?

4. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Michael Gevelber, Associate Professor Mechanical Engineering, co-chair BU energy working group, member of BU Sustainability Comm & CEESI Summary of Findings from GE 520/MN 500: “Energy Audit/Conservation Analysis of BU’s Charles River Campus”

5. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Energy Intensity (Per Sq Foot)Total Energy Use Cleveland, C. (2007, Oct 24). Energy and Emissions Footprint: Boston University Charles River Campus. Presentation to the BU Energy Club. Results of 2007 Energy Audit Heavy oil Light oil Electricity Natural gas 68% Growth in Energy Use 18% Increase in Energy Intensity What are the reasons for these trends? What can be done to reverse these trends?

6. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Building Energy Use by Fuel Charles River Campus2005-2007 Energy Supply 10 6 kBtu Energy Expenses

7. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Overview of US Building Energy Use

8. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here

9. Residential 22% Commercial 19% Industrial 31% Transportation 28% Energy Use/Inefficiencies of US End-Use Sectors 21.6 18.5 31.2 27.9 12.4 (57%) 9.2 11.7 (63%) 6.7 12 (39%) 19.2 21 (75%) 6.9 In Quads Waste Buildings account for ~40% of energy use! 73% of electricity use Based on llnl energy flow charts Major opportunity is focusing on efficiences

10. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Electricity: 4.7 direct (Electricity Generation Waste: 10.2) Heating Gas: 5 Oil:1.2 Biomass:.5 Total: 21.6 Residential 11.5 Q Direct Use 21.6 Quads Total 22% of U.S. Energy use Heating ~58% of direct 31% overall Energy Use/Inefficiencies in Residential and Commercial Sectors Commercial 8.6 Quads Direct 18.5 Quads Total 19% of U.S. Energy use Heating ~ 45% overall 9.2 to end-use (43%) 6.7 to end-use (37%) Use Waste Electricity: 4.6 (Electricity Generation Waste: 10) Heating Gas: 3.2 Oil: 0.6 Coal and Biomass: 0.1 Total: 18.5 Input (Quads) Direct Waste: 2.3 (20%) Electricity Waste: 10.2 Total: 12.5 (57%) Direct Waste: 1.7 (20%) Electricity Waste: 10 Total: 11.7 (63%) Waste (Q) * 1 Quad (Q) = 10 15 BTU Waste Direct waste assumes 80% combustion efficiency.  Question: Is that really the total waste? Where are the opportunities for greater efficiency?

11. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Energy Savings: Solving for the Hidden Costs of HVAC Our Focus: HVAC is 50-70% of ALL energy used in mid/large size buildings Achieving Energy Efficiency in Existing Commercial Buildings Strategy: Reduce high air flow rates which were implemented when energy was cheap. Our Solution Develop new tool to re-optimize HVAC control This is not addressed by current tools Based on real buildings, experience and data Funded by MA Clean Energy Center Professor Gevelber & Professor Wroblenski BU Mechanical Engineering

12. Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab Boston University team Aeolus: MIT Clean Energy Contest -Winners of Energy Efficiency track. 2013

13. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Residential: Perform Your Own Energy Audit

14. Boston University Sustainable Neighborhood Living Lab How to Become an Energy Detective: Help save the world and make some money at the same time Prof. Michael Gevelber Michael Cannamela, Ph.D Candidate, Mechanical Engineering

15. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Home Energy Audit INPUTS Yearly UsageUnit ELECTRICITY 0kWh/yr HEATING gas 0therms/ yr oil 0gal/yr TRANSPORT car #1 0miles/yr 20mpg car #2 0miles/yr 20mpg car #3 0miles/yr 20mpg SIZE area ft 2 occupancy 0persons LOCATION MA- ENERGY PRICES electricity0.174 $/kwh gas1.63 $/therm oil2.9 $/gal gasoline3 $/gal

16. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here RESULTS COMPARISON yearly use unit % total use value ENERGY electricity0 kBtu/yr 28775 <----MA average heat0 86165 <----MA average transport0 TOTAL0 CO 2 electricity0 tons/yr heat0 transport0 TOTAL0 32 <----US average (4 person house) MONEY electricity0 $/yr heat0 transport0 TOTAL0 HOUSE EFFICIENCY PER AREA electricity kBtu/yr/ft 2 12.87 <----MA average heat 38.54 <----MA average TOTAL51.40<----MA average How much energy and carbon your household uses and for what end- uses? How much money you spend on different forms of energy? Helps to understand what efficiency investments have good payback? What is the relative efficiency [kbtu/ft 2 ] of your house? Which areas can more easily be made more efficient? MA AVG House size 2236ft 2 Occupancy 2.55 persons

17. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here

19. Why focus on energy: what problems does the US face? Limited energy supply & global politics – U.S. is only 5% of world population but consumes 20% of world energy Pollution and Green House Gas emissions $ energy is getting more expensive

20. How do we know where to focus? What major fuels/energy do we use – Electricity - fuel: combustion - oil -natural gas - gasoline What are the major end-use applications – House- transportation - fuel - electricity

21. Total Annual Energy Cost Being more energy efficient to reduce our carbon footprint also saves $$$$

22. How’s Goldner’s class doing in terms of GHG emissions? But how can we do better?

23. Where should we focus on to reduce energy use?

24. Energy Use in Your House What forms of energy do you use in your house? What are you using this energy for? How compare relative efficiency? KBTU/sq ft

25. Household Electricity Use What are some ways to increase the efficiency of your electricity use? What are the major uses of electricity in your house?

26. Household Natural Gas Use What are the best ways to increase the efficiency of your gas use? What are the major uses of Natural Gas?

27. Distribution of CO 2 Sources Where should we focus?

28. Where focus to reduce energy costs? What’s surprising?

29. The Importance of Screening Data

30. Here is a histogram of the annual gasoline usage of those who participated in the home energy audits. Do these values make sense? What would be a good way to go about estimating someone’s average gasoline usage per year?

31. In order to estimate someone’s average gasoline usage, you would need to know: how many vehicles they use, how many miles those vehicles can travel with one gallon of gasoline (mpg), and how many miles they travel in a year. For example: Someone has 1 car, that gets 20 mpg, and they travel 15000 miles/year. They would use: 15000 (miles/year) / 20 (mpg) = 750 (gallons/year). Or: Someone has 1 car, that gets 12 mpg, and they travel 30000 miles/year. They would use: 30000 (miles/year) / 12 (mpg) = 2500 (gallons / year)

32. Here is that same histogram with the Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA) estimates on average annual gasoline usage.

33. Here is a histogram of the areas of the different houses that participated in the home energy audits. Do all of these values make sense?

34. To put things in perspective, Bill Gates’ largest house is a 66,000 ft^2 mansion in Washington (2).

35. In order to determine if these values are valid, it might help to look at the Energy Usage Index (EUI). This is a measure of how much energy is used per year, per square foot (kBtu/yr/ft^2). As a reference, the Massachusetts average has been added to the plot. How would an increase in area of a house change the EUI? Do you think the energy usage increase as well?

36. The house with the largest area corresponds to the house with the lowest EUI. What does this tell you about the data? Same house

37. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here BU Energy Use: SMG (220) - Focus on high energy density buildings Photonics (336) LSEB (468) 140 BSR (140) NOTES: (1) BUMC Net Area does not include NEIDL and rental properties (2) Data sources from BU energy audit class (M. Gevelber) & Facilities (P. Zhong & A. Ly) FY2007Net AreaEnergy Cost CRC9.3 M ft 2 79% BUMC (1) 1.2 M ft 2 21% Total10.5 M ft 2 100%

38. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Reduce Nighttime Exhaust (8 hrs) Find energy used to condition a unit volume of air Find volume of air exhausted Add energy used to condition air across all units of air exhausted Estimated Savings 11% of total oil ($7,400) 7% of total electric. ($10,900) Estimated Implementation Cost $17,500—about 1 year payback $17.5k to Andover The rest is Rebalance! Was it needed? Estimate of Potential Setback Savings Heating oil savings Cooling electricity savings Original Estimate Updated 13% ~$20k $50k <2 21% $12,522

39. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here BU Energy Use: SMG (220) - Focus on high energy density buildings Photonics (336) LSEB (468) 140 BSR (140) NOTES: (1) BUMC Net Area does not include NEIDL and rental properties (2) Data sources from BU energy audit class (M. Gevelber) & Facilities (P. Zhong & A. Ly) FY2007Net AreaEnergy Cost CRC9.3 M ft 2 79% BUMC (1) 1.2 M ft 2 21% Total10.5 M ft 2 100%

40. Boston University Slideshow Title Goes Here Reduce Nighttime Exhaust (8 hrs) Find energy used to condition a unit volume of air Find volume of air exhausted Add energy used to condition air across all units of air exhausted Estimated Savings 11% of total oil ($7,400) 7% of total electric. ($10,900) Estimated Implementation Cost $17,500—about 1 year payback $17.5k to Andover The rest is Rebalance! Was it needed? Estimate of Potential Setback Savings Heating oil savings Cooling electricity savings Original Estimate Updated 13% ~$20k $50k <2 21% $12,522