1. The largest identified man-made environmental catastrophe Royal Geographical Society Wednesday August 27th 2007 Richard Wilson Mallinckrodt Research Professor of Physics Harvard University http://arsenic.ws http://phys4.harvard.edu/~wilson/arsenic_project_introduction.html

2. Man made World Bank, UNICEF and British Geological Survey noted that there were cholora epidemics from drinking contaminated surface waters so they urged simple tubewells to tap ground atwer. 10,000,000 dug before arsenic was measured systematically a Man made environmental catastrophe Also Arsenic in tube wells in South East Asia,

7. 30,000,000 exposed in Bangladesh above (old) US EPA standard of 50 ppb Before it is over, 300,000 to 1,000,00 will be seriously affected A catastrophe that makes Chernobyl look small! others in: West Bengal Nepal Thailand Vietnam Pakistan How does the world help ?

8. Arsenic is a common elemet all over the world Why is it made available in the water? That varies. Why did one not look? 10,000,000 tube wells dug before anyomne seriously looked for arsenic

9. Who is to blame? World Bank UNICEF British Geological Survey The whole world toxicological community

10. Arsenic known to be acutely poisonous for 3 millenia Not realized to be dangerous at chronic (low repeated) doses Dr F owler of Edinurgh recommended it for stomach upsets 1788 BUT

11. Hutchinson 1888 overdoses of Fowler’s solution 1895 arsenic in vineyards 1903 manchester beer epidemic 1920 Air pollution from smelters 1920s angiosarcoma in farmers IGNORED Rats and mice did not get cancer!

13. : In 1998 we demanded three simultaneous actions. (1) Understanding the causes of the catastrophe; (a) why was arsenic present; (b) why was it in drinking water?; and (c) why did no one recognize what was happening in time to avert the catastrophe? (2) What is the effect on humans of drinking the water? (3) How can one rapidly bring pure water to the population? and crucially important. (4) How can the world avoid such catastrophes in the future from arsenic or some presently unknown cause? :

14. 2007 - NINE years later.. (if in OECD it would have been solved) (1) In Bangladesh a reducing environment reduces iron oxide and liberates arsenic. No recipe yet for avoiding the problem. (2) studies, mostly outside Bangladesh show many problems of arsenic and confirm there is no cure

15. 1998 (DCH conference) urged immediate action: (1) Measure every well Green for OK Red for don’t use Encourage well switching (2) Purify Water at House level with simple equipment (3) Encourage deep wells (below clay layer) (4) Encourage solutions that lead to the long term

16. Labelling wells was successful (partially) 30% of people switched wells but ~10 million people helped! 67% switched when a massive education campaign (Columbia-U.Dhaka) Some wells badly labeled Perhaps status of wells changed MY CONCLUSION BETTER EDUCATION CAMPAIGN NEEDED on switching

17. MONEY is not the problem MONEY in the right place is a problem World Bank,Kuwait Fund give money ONLY through governments and Government of Bangladesh is hesitant

18. 1998 The Bangladesh Arsenic Mitigation Water Supply Project (BAMWSP) 1998 World Bank $50 million (1%) loan 2001 BAMWSP had disbursed only US$2 million 2000 Kuwait fund Director told GoB (through me) to apply for similar loan from the KUWAIT No application made

19. DEEP TUBE WELLS Free from arsenic, but GoB worried about contamination Islam and Uddin 2002: Basis of GoB policy stated in 2004 I Arsenic safe aquifers must be protected from future contamination at any cost. II - Research should be undertaken before any decision is taken to withdraw large amount of water from the presently arsenic safe Late Pleistocene-early Holocene aquifer. III Till definite data are available about the recharge of these aquifers they should not be allowed for exploitation. In arsenic affected areas, no new tube wells be installed even in the presently arsenic safe aquifer to protect the presently safe water resources. Tube wells should be considered as the last option. In case no other alternative water supply options.... in very limited areas deep tube wells may be considered.

20. DEEP TUBE WELLS (contd) But Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) installed deep tube wells. 2005: 80,000 deep tube wells for 1,500,000 people. One must applaud this success and regret that it is only happening slowly. 2006 DPHE produced an excellent report, (available on the arsenic.ws website) including maps and a data base. Professor Katim Ahmed will tell us about their work. It goes a long way toward addressing concerns of the waverers and deserves wide circulation.

21. Tubewell culture was spurred by sanitation of surface waters. It is natural to assume that any return to surface water would be accompanied by an emphasis on sanitation. That did not occur. The government report on surface waters by Faruque et al. in 2003 and the “National Policy” barely discussed it. The International Center for Diarhoehal Disease Research (ICDDR’B) was located in Dhaka Why did they not take a leadership role? No strong guidance from the government Some NGOs installed dugwells ignoring WHO guidelines for construction, and with no provision for subsequent supervision and maintenance

22. Dhaka Community Hospital dug wells according to WHO guidelines BUT were inconsistent about measurement and found in 2005 high levels in the monsoon. Chakriborti had always chlorinated BUT DCH only beegan in July 2006 On chlorination Faecal Coliform (FC) drops to zero - but rises again after 21 days

23. >10 after 23 days and reached from 35 to 180+ in the water samples of all dugwells at the end of the month. Fig 1: Faecal coliforms count in water samples of 10 dugwells (DW2, DW3, DW6, DW7, DW8, DW10, DW21, DW29, DW34, and DW66) of Pabna district in the month of July. No. of days after chlorination Fae cal coli for m cou n/ 100 ml

24. My recommendation to the Government of Bangladesh Find out which (NGO) is doing a competent job (Discuss on web, conferences, WHO etc) Get money direct to them Even if not economically the “best” doing nothing is expensive especially in good will.

25. Three vital items (1) Make sure measurements of arsenic and coliform bacteria are regular and accurate (2) work with local community - they must make decisions and follow up and (3) get funds direct to villagers (avoid sticky fingers as much as possible)

28. Uncritical use of Arsenic Removal Systems (ARS) May even be counterproductive.

29. AN OLD REMEDY So Moses brought Israel from the Red Sea, and they went out into the wilderness of Shur; and they went three days in the wilderness and found no water. And when they came to Marah they could not drink of the waters of Marah for they were bitter. And they murmered against Moses saying “What shall we drink?” and he cried unto the Lord; and the Lord showed him a tree, which when he had cast into the waters, the waters were made sweet” Exodus 15:22-5

30. In West Bengal several hundred have been installed. 80% are not functional. (6th report: Jadavpur University) BUT they seem to work when there is “backup” Sengupta of Bengal College SONO filters near Kushtia DCH tests have not been as good as hoped Also NOT a long term solution

31. Deep wells have worked in Dhaka for a long time! Badly installed wells could bring water down from upper aquifer. BUT 98% likely to work at least 20 years Maybe for ever.

32. Long shot: Professor Charles Harvey (MIT) thinks the problem is pumping water from anoxic region. Possible Solution: Pump concentrated oxidants into the well. Works for a week; tried with massive amounts of oxidants January 2006. We will see.

33. Bangladesh Policy Use surface water when possible Rainwater Collection Improved (sanitary) Dugwells Pond Sand Filters River Sand Filters We must avoid bacteria and know we have avoided bacteria Key is measurement Measurement Cheapest if a large number supplied from one unit

34. January 2000 If you ask villagers to put up with your measurements of water (Harvey) and epidemiological studies (Christiani) you have to do something for them So we gave DCH a $10,000 check for new water resources (about $60,000 by now) January 2001 we gave them a kit (University of Surrey) for measuring coliform bacteria Then we got Ashok Khosla (New Delhi) to send his (JAL-TARA) measuring kit which they used.

36. POND SAND FILTER for several hundred people Originally built in 2001-2 this was high in Coliform. It was rebuilt with more stages and by January 2004 low coliform were measured.

38. Dhaka Community Hospital (experts in community health) has been installing Sanitary surface “dugwells” where >80% tubewells contaminated WHO standards; Covered; Originally limed, (note that BRAC and Grameen Bank did not follow these standards) now chlorinated (every 3 months) (now) measured regularly More recently pumped to tank and pipeline to give running water VERY POPULAR Capital cost $6/person

42. 66 seemed OK in Pabna region. (6 now abandoned) Checked, limed, tested every 3 months for a year. Low arsenic (LOD 3 ppb) 0-10 coliform 0 fecal coliform But questions were asked by Feroze and others 2005 tests on 10 wells looked bad. Maybe they ONLY tested just after liming. Now they claim chlorinating every 3 months OK (<10 fc structures/dl)

43. Jabed Yousuf (DCH) is now in charge of getting measurements and should have been here but DHS did not give him a visa

44. Why the long delay? Importance of discussing with villagers U Dhaka questionnaire shows People willing to pay 20 X as much for piped water as for arsenic free water Enables larger systems to supply more villagers (maintenance spread over more people) Piped water system leads naturally to central system in the long term

45. I suggest piped water is an imporatant option to suggest to people independent of where the water comes from

46. My recommendation to the Government of Bangladesh Find out which (NGO) is doing a competent job (Discuss on web, conferences, WHO etc) Get money direct to them Even if not economically the “best” doing nothing is expensive especially in good will.

47. The whole job can be done for ONLY $300 million! $1 each American World Bank provided a $50 million 1% loan that Jim Wolfensohn expected to be spent with 18 months and Kuwait Fund can help when asked by governments

48. Meanwhile please support the public foundation of your choice Dugwell Foundation http://www.dugwellfoundationusa.org (Meera Smith) Arsenic Foundation http://arsenicfoundation.com (Richard Wilson)