1. THE GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE D. Tsokos Filiki Etaireia

2. BEFORE THE REVOLUTION The Greek war of independence (1821-1830) was motivated by: _________________ __________________ _________________ ______________________________________ The movement was an organized effort, with certain objectives Western influences are largely responsible Greek intellectual activity played a huge role __________________ - secret organization that agitated for peace

4. THE BEGINNING OF THE WAR Lipparini: Revolution Vryzakis: Oath

5. WAR OF INDEPENDENCE - AIMS OF WAR __________________ uprising begins. Lead uprising in Wallachia and Moldavia Foment rebellion in the Morea/Peloponnesos Ally with _______________ initially Bring the _________________, particularly Russia into the conflict Achieve Independence

6. SUCCESS EARLY ON The Greeks rapidly prevail in the __________________, which had a very small Muslim population. Support from the South and North Wallachia and Moldavia key spots of independence movements.

7. WHY 1821 FAILS _____________________________. Miloš Obrenovic refuse to bring the Serbs into the war. The Romanian boiers refuse to join after being promised concessions. June 19, 1821: battle of Draganitsi River: slaughter. ________________________. Size of Army – 3000 men much to small

8. OTTOMAN RESPONSE TO 1821 The Sultan retaliates with ___________________________ of civilian populations in defenseless islands (Chios, Psara), Effects of Ottoman Response Captures _______________________ The Great Powers of the time, although instinctively against revolts, change their policy and become ____________________________________________

9. Delacroix: The Slaughter of Chios

10. CREATION OF THE GREEK CONSTITUTION Failure of Ottoman Invasions ______________________ Consolidated ideas of 1821 revolution Try not to alarm ________, ___________, ____________ Delacroix: Liberty on the Ruins of Messolongi

11. REACTIONS IN THE EMPIRE Reprisals against _________________________________of the empire begins. The Orthodox Church was caught in a dilemma: as Millet-bashi it was the ______________________________________. Plus, supporting the rebellion could lead to a diminution of his power. _______________________excommunicated the leaders of the rebellion. Nonetheless, after the news of another massacre of Moslems, he was attacked by mob and murdered in spite of the attempts of his janissary guard to save.

12. STASIS 1822-1824

13. Success in battles leads to central government Greek infighting leads to fractures Most battles won because of _________________________ Lack of regular army proved undoing in winning _______________________________.

14. SEA BATTLES 1821- 1824 Use of varied styles of Naval Warfare Fire Ships and conventional warfare Supported by ___________________________________ Constant Greek success until 1824 prevents _________________________________________ _____________________________________in Greek government ruins readiness of Greek fleets

15. Reasons for Muhammed Ali’s intervention Successes: ____________– 1802 ____________- 1808 ________________ – 1811-1818 ___________ – 1820 ______________ – 1820-25 1822 - Egyptian success by Ali’s sons in Crete and Cyprus Muhammad Ali _______________ as early as 1823 1824 – Ali sends his oldest son In exchange for __________________________________ Ibrahim Pasha sets out for Greece

16. Ibrahim Pasha’s Forces 25 frigates and sloops 100 supply ships 5000 regular infantry 1000 cavalry 180 field artillery

17. PASHA LANDS ON THE MAINLAND Lands on Peloponnese February 1825 Moves quickly through to center by May Moves on to ___________________________– Athens Falls Foreign Interests aroused by Ottoman success

18. WHY FOREIGN SUPPORT ____________________________

19. FOREIGN INTERVETION Russian Interest 1821 - After Politiking and concessions, Tsar Alexander I __________________________ Austria, Prussia help persuade Tsar Sultan provides Russia _________________________ 1825 - Nicholas I – rises after Alexander – _____________________________________________ Persuaded by British to put Russian support behind “Mediation of Conflict” Serbia wins autonomy under Ottoman Control Pan Slavism – Slavic people controlled by Slavic people.

20. Foreign Intervention Cont’d British Intervention 1821 - __________________appointed ______________________ of great Britain British Public had a growing interest in ________________________ Canning willing to follow ____________________ Fears Russian control of Greece (Remember large merchant marine force) Considers Greece _________________– allows for more political and economic relations 1824-25 - ___________________________from British Banks Canning negotiates Treaty of London (1827) with France and Russia Offer __________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________

21. CARNERAY: THE DESTRUCTION OF THE EGYPTIAN FLEET AT THE BAY OF NAVARINO, BY THE BRITISH, FRENCH AND RUSSIAN FLEET (1827) August 1927 - Muhammad and the Sultan _____________ October 20, a misunderstanding led to the __________ ____________________

22. NAVARINO BY THE NUMBERS 20 October 1827 Turks - 89 vessels, 2,240 guns Allies - 27 ships 1,324 guns Turks, 60 ships sunk, 6000 killed, 4000 wounded Allies, 0 ships sunk. 174 killed and 475 wounded.

23. RUSSO TURKISH WAR 1828 - 1829 As a result of Russian Involvement at Navarino Ottomans closed ___________________________________ Battle between Ottomans and Russians _______________________________ Treaty of ____________________________ Ceded territory on western edge of Black Sea _________________________ Russian Control of Moldavia and Wallachia until Ottomans paid indemnity

24. LONDON PROTOCOLS: _________________________________signed as the Second Treaty of London Negotiated by _____________________________ Greece as an independent and sovereign state Set up preliminary borders of Greek Empire Appointed a King from Belgium (he rejected it) _________________________– Greek King set by Great Powers Greece “monarchical and independent state” Still pays indemnity to Ottoman Empire _________________________

25. FINAL TREATIES GREEK WAR OF INDEPENDENCE ____________________________________ Greek boundaries set at the Arta Volos line

26. TREATY OF UNKIAR SKELESSI In response to the ________________________________________ Ibrahim Pasha advanced __________________________________ Great Powers refused to help Mahmud II Russia comes to their Aid Sends troops – _______________________________________ Defensive Alliance with Russia Alarms _________________________ Secret Agreement: ______________________________________________________

27. THE INDEPENDENT GREEK STATE The Sultan was forced to acknowledge the creation of a small Greek State. King Otto, a German prince, brings with him a Bavarian ensemble, which plays an important role in the organization of the new state according to Western models. 1834: The Bavarians move the capital to Athens.