1. Edited by Malak Abdullah Jordan University of Science and Technology Data Structures Using C++ 2E Chapter 6 Recursion

2. 2 Objectives Learn about recursive definitions Explore the base case and the general case of a recursive definition Learn about recursive algorithm Learn about recursive functions Explore how to use recursive functions to implement recursive

3. Data Structures Using C++ 2E3 Recursive Definitions Recursion –Process of solving a problem by reducing it to smaller versions of itself Example: factorial problem –5! 5 x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1 =120 –If n is a nonnegative Factorial of n (n!) defined as follows: 5! 5 * 4! 5 * 4 * 3! 5 * 4 * 3 * 2! 5 * 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 120

4. Recursive Definitions (cont’d.) Direct solution (Equation 6-1) –Right side of the equation contains no factorial notation Recursive definition –A definition in which something is defined in terms of a smaller version of itself Base case (Equation 6-1) –Case for which the solution is obtained directly General case (Equation 6-2) –Case for which the solution is obtained indirectly using recursion 4

5. Data Structures Using C++ 2E5 Recursive Definitions (cont’d.) Recursion insight gained from factorial problem –Every recursive definition must have one (or more) base cases –General case must eventually reduce to a base case –Base case stops recursion Recursive algorithm –Finds problem solution by reducing problem to smaller versions of itself Recursive function –Function that calls itself

6. Fun1(3) Print 3 Call fun2(2)... Fun2(2) Print 2 Call fun3(1)... Fun3(1) Print 1 Print $ Print & Print *

7. Fun(3) Print 3 Call fun(2)... Fun(2) Print 2 Call fun(1)... Fun(1) Print 1 Call fun(0)... Fun(0) Print a= 0 Print a= 1 Print a= 2 Print a= 3

8. Fact1(5) 5 *Fact1(4) 4 *Fact1(3) 3 *Fact1(2) 2 *Fact1(1) 1 *Fact1(0) 1 5!= 5 * ( 4 *( 3* (2 * (1)))) void main( ) { cout<< fact (5)<<endl; }

9. Fact1(5) 5 *Fact1(4) 4 *Fact1(3) 3 *Fact1(2) 2 *Fact1(1) 1 *Fact1(0) 1 5!= 5 * ( 4 *( 3* (2 * (1)))) 1 1 2 6 24 120 void main( ) { cout<< fact (5)<<endl; }

10. 10 Recursive Definitions (cont’d.) Recursive function implementing the factorial function FIGURE 6-1 Execution of fact(4)

11. Recursive Definitions (cont’d.) Recursive function notable comments –Recursive function has unlimited number of copies of itself (logically) –Every call to a recursive function has its own Code, set of parameters, local variables –After completing a particular recursive call Control goes back to calling environment (previous call) Current (recursive) call must execute completely before control goes back to the previous call Execution in previous call begins from point immediately following the recursive call Data Structures Using C++ 2E11

12. Data Structures Using C++ 2E12 Recursive Definitions (cont’d.) Direct and indirect recursion –Directly recursive function Calls itself –Indirectly recursive function Calls another function, eventually results in original function call Requires same analysis as direct recursion Base cases must be identified, appropriate solutions to them provided Tracing can be tedious –Tail recursive function Last statement executed: the recursive call

13. Fact1(5) 5Fact1(4) 4Fact1(3) 3Fact1(2) 2Fact1(1) 1Fact1(0) 1 5!= 5 * ( 4 *( 3* (2 * (1))))

14. Fact2(5) 5Fact2(4) 4Fact2(3) 3Fact2(2) 2Fact2(1) 1Fact2(0) 1 5!= ((((1) * 2) * 3) * 4) * 5

15. Indirectly RecursiveInfinite Recursion

16. Data Structures Using C++ 2E16 Recursive Definitions (cont’d.) Infinite recursion –Occurs if every recursive call results in another recursive call –Executes forever (in theory) –Call requirements for recursive functions System memory for local variables and formal parameters Saving information for transfer back to right caller –Finite system memory leads to Execution until system runs out of memory Abnormal termination of infinite recursive function

17. Data Structures Using C++ 2E17 Recursive Definitions (cont’d.) Requirements to design a recursive function –Understand problem requirements –Determine limiting conditions –Identify base cases, providing direct solution to each base case –Identify general cases, providing solution to each general case in terms of smaller versions of itself

18. Data Structures Using C++ 2E18 Fibonacci Number Sequence: 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34... Given first two numbers (a 1 and a 2 ) –nth number a n, n >= 3, of sequence given by: a n = a n- 1 + a n-2 Recursive function: rFibNum –Determines desired Fibonacci number –Parameters: three numbers representing first two numbers of the Fibonacci sequence and a number n, the desired nth Fibonacci number –Returns the nth Fibonacci number in the sequence

19. Data Structures Using C++ 2E19 Fibonacci Number (cont’d.) Third Fibonacci number –Sum of first two Fibonacci numbers Fourth Fibonacci number in a sequence –Sum of second and third Fibonacci numbers Calculating fourth Fibonacci number –Add second Fibonacci number and third Fibonacci number

20. If x= 1 then Fib(x)= 1 If x= 2 then Fib(x)=2 Otherwise Fib(x)= Fib(x-1) + Fib(x-2) Fib(3)= Fib(2) + Fib(1) = 3 Fib(4)= Fib(3) + Fib(2) = 5 Fib(5)= Fib(4) + Fib(3) = 8 And so on... Fib(10) =...

21. Data Structures Using C++ 2E21 Fibonacci Number (cont’d.) Recursive algorithm –Calculates nth Fibonacci number a denotes first Fibonacci number b denotes second Fibonacci number n denotes nth Fibonacci number

22. Data Structures Using C++ 2E22 Fibonacci Number (cont’d.) Recursive function implementing algorithm Trace code execution Review code on page 368 illustrating the function rFibNum

23. rFibNum(2,3,5) rFibNum(2,3,4) 3 2 3 Fibonacci(1)= 2, Fibonacci(2)= 3 Fibonacci(5)=???? rFibNum(2,3,3) rFibNum(2,3,2) rFibNum(2,3,1) 3 2 rFibNum(2,3,2)rFibNum(2,3,1) 5 85 13 + + + +

24. Fib(4) Fib(3) Fib(2) Fib(1) 1 Fib(0) 0 Fib(1) 1 Fib(2) Fib(1) 1 Fib(0) 0 Another example

25. Data Structures Using C++ 2E25 Fibonacci Number (cont’d.) FIGURE 6-7 Execution of rFibNum(2, 3, 4)

26. Print the number in reverse  1357 7531 Reverse(1357) Print 1357 % 10  7 Call reverse(135) Reverse(135) Print 135 % 10  5 Call reverse(13) Reverse(13) Print 13 % 10  3 Call reverse(1) Reverse(1) Print 1

27. Data Structures Using C++ 2E27 Print a Linked List in Reverse Order Function reversePrint –Given list pointer, prints list elements in reverse order Figure 6-5 example –Links in one direction –Cannot traverse backward starting from last node FIGURE 6-5 Linked list

28. Data Structures Using C++ 2E28 Print a Linked List in Reverse Order (cont’d.) Cannot print first node info until remainder of list printed Cannot print second node info until tail of second node printed, etc. Every time tail of a node considered –List size reduced by one –Eventually list size reduced to zero –Recursion stops

29. Data Structures Using C++ 2E29 Print a Linked List in Reverse Order (cont’d.) Recursive algorithm in pseudocode Recursive algorithm in C++

30. 489 stackTop current reversePrint(nodeType * current ) { while(current != NULL) { reversePrint(current  link) cout<< current  info; } } current 984 Current  4 Current  8 Current  9 NULL

31. Data Structures Using C++ 2E31 Print a Linked List in Reverse Order (cont’d.) Function template to implement previous algorithm and then apply it to a list

32. Data Structures Using C++ 2E32 Print a Linked List in Reverse Order (cont’d.) FIGURE 6-6 Execution of the statement reversePrint(first);

33. Data Structures Using C++ 2E33 Print a Linked List in Reverse Order (cont’d.) The function printListReverse –Prints an ordered linked list contained in an object of the type linkedListType

34. Data Structures Using C++ 2E34 Recursion or Iteration? Dependent upon nature of the solution and efficiency Efficiency –Overhead of recursive function: execution time and memory usage Given speed memory of today’s computers, we can depend more on how programmer envisions solution –Use of programmer’s time –Any program that can be written recursively can also be written iteratively

35. 35 More Examples

36. Data Structures Using C++ 2E36 Largest Element in an Array list : array name containing elements list[a]...list[b] stands for the array elements list[a], list[a + 1],..., list[b] list length =1 –One element (largest) list length >1 maximum(list[a], largest(list[a + 1]...list[b])) FIGURE 6-2 list with six elements

37. 5 3 6 2 4 3 6 2 4 6 2 4 2 4 42 6 3 5

38. 5 3 6 2 4 3 6 2 4 6 2 4 4 6 3 5

39. 5 3 6 2 4 3 6 2 4 3 5 6

40. 5 3 6 2 4 56

41. Max is 6

42. Largest(arr, 0, 3) 3,6, 2, 5 Max = 3 > Max ??? Largest(arr, 1, 3) 6, 2, 5 Max = 6 > Max ??? Largest(arr, 2, 3) 2, 5 Max = 2 > Max ??? Largest(arr, 3, 3) 5 5 5 6 3 6 2 5 0 1 2 3

43. Data Structures Using C++ 2E43 Largest Element in an Array (cont’d.) maximum(list[0], largest(list[1]...list[5])) maximum(list[1], largest(list[2]...list[5]), etc. Every time previous formula used to find largest element in a sublist –Length of sublist in next call reduced by one

44. Data Structures Using C++ 2E44 Largest Element in an Array (cont’d.) Recursive algorithm in pseudocode

45. Data Structures Using C++ 2E45 Largest Element in an Array (cont’d.) Recursive algorithm as a C++ function

46. Data Structures Using C++ 2E46 Largest Element in an Array (cont’d.) Trace execution of the following statement cout << largest(list, 0, 3) << endl; Review C++ program on page 362 –Determines largest element in a list FIGURE 6-3 list with four elements

47. Data Structures Using C++ 2E47 Largest Element in an Array (cont’d.) FIGURE 6-4 Execution of largest(list, 0, 3)

48. Data Structures Using C++ 2E48 Tower of Hanoi Object –Move 64 disks from first needle to third needle Rules –Only one disk can be moved at a time –Removed disk must be placed on one of the needles –A larger disk cannot be placed on top of a smaller disk FIGURE 6-8 Tower of Hanoi problem with three disks

49. Data Structures Using C++ 2E49 Tower of Hanoi (cont’d.) Case: first needle contains only one disk –Move disk directly from needle 1 to needle 3 Case: first needle contains only two disks –Move first disk from needle 1 to needle 2 –Move second disk from needle 1 to needle 3 –Move first disk from needle 2 to needle 3 Case: first needle contains three disks

50. Data Structures Using C++ 2E50 Tower of Hanoi (cont’d.) FIGURE 6-9 Solution to Tower of Hanoi problem with three disks

51. Data Structures Using C++ 2E51 Tower of Hanoi (cont’d.) Generalize problem to the case of 64 disks –Recursive algorithm in pseudocode

52. Data Structures Using C++ 2E52 Tower of Hanoi (cont’d.) Generalize problem to the case of 64 disks –Recursive algorithm in C++

53. Data Structures Using C++ 2E53 Tower of Hanoi (cont’d.) Analysis of Tower of Hanoi –Time necessary to move all 64 disks from needle 1 to needle 3 –Manually: roughly 5 x 10 11 years Universe is about 15 billion years old (1.5 x 10 10 ) –Computer: 500 years To generate 2 64 moves at the rate of 1 billion moves per second

54. Data Structures Using C++ 2E54 Summary Recursion –Solve problem by reducing it to smaller versions of itself Recursive algorithms implemented using recursive functions –Direct, indirect, and infinite recursion Many problems solved using recursive algorithms Choosing between recursion and iteration –Nature of solution; efficiency requirements Backtracking –Problem solving; iterative design technique