1. APA American Psychological Association

2. APA by C. Simpson© 2011

3. T ABLE OF C ONTENTS Parts of a cover page What is APA Why is it used Parts of a cover page Abstract Body of essay In-text citation Secondary citations Headings Sample of headings punctuation

4. T ABLE OF CONTENTS CONT.. How to reference a book How to reference an article in a periodical How to reference an article in a journal How to reference an article in a newspaper How to reference an article in a magazine How to reference an article in a newspaper How to reference an article on the internet How to reference an online book Resources for teacher References for power point

5. W HAT IS APA? According to American Psychological Association (2011) scientific writing was very difficult, so a group of professionals decided to create a system of writing called APA. This system was to standardize the way scientists documented their findings.

6. W HY IS IT NEEDED ? To standardize college essays

7. P ARTS OF C OVER P AGE Header Running head Colon space SHORTENED VERSION OF TITLE Not longer than 50 (full caps) Page number beside abbreviated title OUT of Header Enter 2 spaces down on your vertical margin And type:(must be double spaced) Name Full title Class School

8. A BSTRACT Enter page break Re type abbreviated title Do not rewrite the words Running head: Center the word Abstract a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.

9. B ODY OF E SSAY Left aligned Centre‘ Full title of your page Indent Start paragraph Allow computer to use word wrapping Only use enter to start a paragraph

10. I N - TEXT CITATION NO AUTHOR no date, no author and no pagination include: Sex Drive: How Do Men and Women Compare? Author :none Date: none "n.d." for no date A woman’s desire to have sexual intercourse is greatly influenced by societal norms and the environment (“Sex Drive, n.d. para. 1)

11. I N - TEXT CITATION ORGANIZATION AS AN AUTHOR Print Use the organization for the author (American Psychological Association [APA], 2009).

12. I N TEXT CITATIONS Quotations If you use the exact words of the author, put the: quotation in quotation marks. author, date and page numbers in parentheses after the quotation. Example Black (as cited in Blue, 2004) stated that "Jack and Jill went up the hill to fetch a pail of water" (p. 459). It is argued that “Snow white was very naïve and gullible (Cole & Cole, 2000, p. 459"). In contrast, it can be argued that since she was taller than the dwarves she was very abusive and they paid the old woman to get rid of her. However, the dwarves underestimated Snow white’s beauty. Thus, as a result of fear they did not warn the handsome prince of the evil woman called Snow white.

13. I N TEXT CITATION In text According to Smith (2005) short women are beautiful. Some men are dogs (Smith, 2005). References Book (Print) Smith, S.T. (2005). Counseling as an art : The creative arts in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association.

14. S ECONDARY CITING YOU MUST RARELY USE SECONDARY CITATION You read a book by Jennifer Blue Jack and Jill went up the hill (Black, 2004). you use the source you did read in References and the secondary source(the one you did not read) in the body of essay In essay you write Black (as cited in Blue, 2004) stated that Jack and Jill ascended the mound. Reference List Blue, J. (2004). Hills and Valley (3rd ed.). Auckland, New Zealand: Addison Wesley Longman.

15. H EADINGS First Heading centered boldface uppercase and lowercase Level 2 headings are: flush left boldface uppercase and lowercase Level 3 and Level 4: indented boldface sentence case (only 1st letter capitalized) followed by a period, and then immediately by words in essay Level 5 headings are: indented italicized sentence case (only 1st letter capitalized) followed by a period, and then immediately by text

16. H EADINGS Level One Heading Level Two Heading Level three heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text Level four heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text. Level five heading. text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text text

17. S AMPLE APA for College Students What is APA According to American Psychological Association (2011) scientific writing was very difficult, so a group of so a group of professionals decided to create a system of writing called APA. This system was to standardize the way scientists documented their findings. In order to write a research paper, the student must ensure that the grammar is correct, the punctuation signs are used appropriately and the body of the essay is formatted using in text citation (American Psychological Association [APA], 2011). However, to avoid plagiarism the student must find credible sources, make an annotated bibliography, use APA in text-citation and include the said source on the References page. Finding credible sources. S tudents must learn to find credible sources. A student can know if he is using a credible source if the website does not use a tilde sign, the qualifications and area of expertise of the person’s building the website can be verified by special logos and the absence of

18. S AMPLE phishing (Payton & Procter 2004). In addition, authentic website will not usually ask for personal information such as user name and password (Procter, n.d.) Using an annotated bibliography. This list includes a list of all the sources in alphabetical order. In addition it provides a summary of the source and a paragraph about the credibility of the sources based on a given topic (Knott, 2004). It also helps the student to check if each source is relevant to the essay topic (Coe, D. L. & Driscoll D. L., 2011). It also helps the student to formulate the thesis (Samuels, 2011). Paraphrasing using APA in text citation. The main ideas from the annotated bibliography should be formed into sentences. Students must use their own words to paraphrase or summarize the main ideas relevant to the thesis statement. The student should then include the same source in APA in text citation on the References page (Northwestern University, 2005).

19. S AMPLE No wonder students are sometimes tempted to plagiarize as the APA format is difficult. Yet, plagiarism can be avoided if students start the assignment way before the due date and follow some simple steps such as evaluating sources, using an annotated bibliography, and adhering to the APA rules when writing their college essays. To a college student, writing the APA way is sometimes difficult but not impossible.

20. P UNCTUATION Students can read chapter 4 from the APA Manual in the library Basic One space after Commas Colons Semicolons Full stops that separate reference citations

21. H OW TO R EFERENCE A BOOK Basic Format for Books Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Single Author Berndt, T. J. (2002). Friendship quality and social development. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 11, 7-10. Two Authors Wegener, D. T., & Petty, R. E. (1994). Mood management across affective states: The hedonic contingency hypothesis. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 1034-1048.

22. H OW TO REFERENCE A BOOK More than seven Miller, F. H., Choi, M. J., Angeli, L. L., Harland, A. A., Stamos, J. A., Thomas, S. T.,... Rubin, L. H. (2009). Web site usability for the blind and low-vision user. Technical Communication, 57, 323-335

23. H OW TO REFERENCE A BOOK Edited Book, No Author Duncan, G. J., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (Eds.). (1997). Consequences of growing up poor. New York, NY: Russell Sage Foundation. Edited Book with an Author or Authors Plath, S. (2000). The unabridged journals. K. V. Kukil (Ed.). New York, NY: Anchor.

24. H OW TO REFERENCE A BOOK Three to seven Kernis, M. H., Cornell, D. P., Sun, C. R., Berry, A., Harlow, T., & Bach, J. S. (1993). There's more to self-esteem than whether it is high or low: The importance of stability of self-esteem. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 65, 1190- 1204. More Than Seven Authors List by last names and initials; commas separate author names. After the sixth author's name, use an ellipses in place of the author names. Then provide the final author name. There should be no more than seven names..

25. P ERIODICALS Format Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. Article in Journal Paginated by Volume Journals that are paginated by volume begin with page one in issue one, and continue numbering issue two where issue one ended, etc.

26. J OURNALS Article in Journal Paginated by Issue Journals paginated by issue begin with page one every issue; therefore, the issue number gets indicated in parentheses after the volume. The parentheses and issue number are not italicized or underlined. Example Scruton, R. (1996). The eclipse of listening. The New Criterion, 15(30), 5-13.

27. A RTICLES IN PERIODICALS Example Harlow, H. F. (1983). Fundamentals for preparing psychology journal articles. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 55, 893-896.

28. H OW TO REFERENCE A NEWSPAPER Article in a Newspaper Unlike other periodicals, p. or pp. precedes page numbers for a newspaper reference in APA style. Single pages take p., e.g., p. B2; multiple pages take pp., e.g., pp. B2, B4 or pp. C1, C3-C4. Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls made to strengthen state energy policies. The Country Today, pp. 1A, 2A.

29. H OW TO REFERENCE A MAGAZINE Article in a Magazine Henry, W. A., III. (1990, April 9). Making the grade in today's schools. Time, 135, 28-31.

30. H OW TO REFERENCE INTERNET De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/tay tay/taytay.html Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1- 9780931686108-0

31. E LECTRONIC B OOK De Huff, E. W. (n.d.). Taytay’s tales: Traditional Pueblo Indian tales. Retrieved from http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/dehuff/tay tay/taytay.html Davis, J. (n.d.). Familiar birdsongs of the Northwest. Available from http://www.powells.com/cgi-bin/biblio?inkey=1- 9780931686108-0

32. R ESOURCES FOR THE TEACHER Must watch this website and allow class to see it http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9pbUoNa5tyY Good website to use http://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01 / Book Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6 th edition) in both libraries

33. R EFERENCES American Psychological Association. (2011). Publication manual of the American psychological association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. Retrieved from ht tp://www.apastyle.org ht tp://www.apastyle.org Gladding, S.T. (2005). Counseling as an art : The creative arts in counseling. Alexandria, VA: American Counseling Association Loyola Notre Dame Library. (2011). In-Text Parenthetical. Baltimore, Maryland: Author Retrieved from http://www.loyola.edu/library/ref/apastyle.htm#book The University Of Wisconsin. (2011). APA headings. Madison, WI: Author. Retrieved from http://writing.wisc.edu/Handboo. k/DocAPAHeadings.html Women and Sexuality. (n.d.). In Sex Drive: How Do Men and Women Compare? In Women’s Guide (3rd.) Retrieved from http://www.m-/womenandmen.com/relationships/sexuality.html University of Canterbury. (n.d.). Citing a source within a source (secondary sources) Christchurch, New Zealand University of Canterbury. Retrieved from http://library.canterbury.ac.nz/services/ref/apa/secondary.shtml