1. Williamsburg High School for Architecture and Design Mr. Quinn and Ms. Tom 9/30/13

3. How do I balance natural decay equations?

4. 4 = 2 + 2 Y = mx + b 14 6 C → 14 7 N + 0 -1 e

5. X A Z Mass Number Atomic Number Element Symbol Atomic number (Z) = number of protons in nucleus Mass number (A) = number of protons + number of neutrons = atomic number (Z) + number of neutrons A Z 1p1p 1 1H1H 1 or proton 1n1n 0 neutron 0e0e 00 or electron 0e0e +1 00 or positron 4 He 2 44 2 or  particle 1 1 1 0 0 0 +1 4 2 23.1

6. Balancing Nuclear Equations 1.Conserve mass number (A). The sum of protons plus neutrons in the products must equal the sum of protons plus neutrons in the reactants. 1n1n 0 U 235 92 + Cs 138 55 Rb 96 37 1n1n 0 ++ 2 235 + 1 = 138 + 96 + 2x1

7. 2. Conserve atomic number (Z) or nuclear charge. The sum of nuclear charges in the products must equal the sum of nuclear charges in the reactants. 1n1n 0 U 235 92 + Cs 138 55 Rb 96 37 1n1n 0 + + 2 92 + 0 = 55 + 37 + 2x0 Balancing Nuclear Equations

9. 212 Po decays by alpha emission. Write the balanced nuclear equation for the decay of 212 Po. 4 He 2 44 2 or alpha particle - 212 Po 4 He + A X 84 2Z 212 = 4 + AA = 208 84 = 2 + ZZ = 82 212 Po 4 He + 208 Pb 84 282 23.1

12. How do I balance artificial transmutation equations?

13. II. Nuclear Transmutations Nuclear reactions that are induced in a way that nucleus is struck by a neutron or by another nucleus (nuclear bombardment) a.Positive ion bombardment - alpha particle is the most commonly used positive ion - uses accelerators Examples: 14 7 N + 4 2 He → 17 8 O + 1 1 H 9 4 Be + 4 2 He → 12 6 C + 1 0 n

14. Neutron bombardment - neutron is bombarded to a nucleus to form a new nucleus - most commonly used in the transmutation to form synthetic isotopes because neutron are neutral, they are not repelled by nucleus Example: 58 26 Fe + 1 0 n → 59 26 Fe → 59 27 Co + 0 -1 e II. Nuclear Transmutations

16. Transuranium elements -Element with atomic numbers above 92 -Produced using artificial transmutations, either by: a.alpha bombardment b.neutron bombardment c.bombardment from other nuclei Examples: a. b. 4 He 2 Pu 239 94 + Cm 242 96 1n1n 0 + 1n1n 0 U 238 92 + U 239 92 0 e Pu 239 94 + Np 239 93 + 0 -1 e 14 N 7 U 238 92 + Es 247 99 1n1n 0 + 5 c.