1. Population Pressure on Resources

2. Lecture 1 :Population Pressure on Resources PPR PPR - maladjustment between resources and population. > P < R = maladjustment R = inefficient resource utilization P= R = sustaining

4. How PPR occur in the given environment? 1. Population growth over time when the volume of consumption (C) is greater than the rate of production of resources(R) a community will be able to enjoy an acceptable living standard if the C< P Resource utilization is increasing with rapid population growth

5. Resource Utilization PPR sets in C > P Sustenance level 1. Population growth over time Population growth over time How PPR occur ?

6. 2. Fluctuation in the economy Economic growth is determined by an increase in the community wealth through GNP A country can only support a given number of people if the resource base of the country is large enough to cater for the various needs of the community In time of economic depression, the carrying capacity is being stretched to the fullest, hence PPR will set in The country wealth is reduced and the resources in the community are in near depletion due to limited stock available If the GNP increased through better trade balance and surplus earning is created,economic prosperity is ensured and PPR never set in, people can enjoy high SOL

7. Sustenance level (carrying capacity) Existence of PPR Depression GNP (Resource Utilization) Eco. Growth Eco. Picks up Recovery of Eco. 2. Fluctuation in the economy Time

8. 3. Change in expectation of the community What is expectation? Change in lifestyles as a result of western influence. This eventually leads to greater need for quality life, which subsequently can lead to greater demand for scarce resources > E, P = PPR

9. Consumption pattern changes over time.

10. Regional & National variations of PPR PPR varies within a country or between countries Disparity of economic growth that encompassed PPR can occur even in a country with homogeneous( similar) economic system The existence of PPR can be determined by analyzing the proportions of each region/country’s population suffering from particular social or economic deficiencies Drewnowski, a social scientist had identified 3 indicies to denote the state of well-being in a given region Somatic Status Educational Status Social Status

11. Drewnowski’s State of Well-being Index Somatic Status ( Physical development) Nutritional Status- the diet of the population Health Status - the absence of chronic diseases amongst the pop. Life expectancy- average life span of an individual Physical fitness- the strength and physical endurance of the pop. A high total physical development leads to a better society because the country got enough capital to invest in the well-being of the population.

12. Better health care ensures healthy community Good and healthy lifestyles exist in economically and socially good environment- no PPR Public funds are catered for health programs

13. Educational Status - mental development Literacy - the % of the population that can read and write Educational attainment - the number of people in the community that possessed post secondary/tertiary education as against the basic education Congruence of education with manpower needs- does a country have a quality and talented labor force ? Employment- the rate of employment in the community, either full employment or high unemployment rate

14. Social Status Integration - people of different social or ethnic groups are able to live in harmony with one another Participation- the members of the community are willing to be involved in the government activities and no one is marginalised

15. Drewnowski is trying to depict a situation that in any community the state of well-being of its citizen will determine the degree of social or economic deficiencies State of well being can be measured in terms of Affluence Sufficiency Insufficiency Destitution Once the basic needs of the individual in a given community are met, the state of well- being is high, hence PPR does not exist

16. State of well being Insufficiency Sufficiency Affluence Destitution Need satisfaction curve cb a Level of living (inputs of flows) c b a

17. Another indicators to determine the degree of Well Being or Population Pressure on Resources Per Capita Indices - the real incomes that the individual in the community received that will support his daily needs Unemployment level - if more people are displaced from their jobs, the state of well-being will be low Migration rate - High PPR in a certain region will create a ‘push’ factors which eventually leads to out-migration

18. Regional variations with regards to PPR ( economic & social well-being) In United Kingdom two variables are used to indicate the degree of economic well-being(PPR) in the country. Employment level Earned Incomes Based on these indices, regions that suffer from PPR were identified.

19. Employment Level Total unemployment level is determined in order to describe the existence of ‘deprived ‘ region in UK in 1980 The total unemployment rate of the various regions in UK is compared with the national average Scotland and Northern England fared better than the average West Midlands and NW regions fared worse than expected Reasons for existence of economic disparities within regions the development of North Sea oil variations in the age and productivity of industrial equipment unequal effect of an overvalued currency inappropriate government policy

20. Earned Incomes ( both in UK and USA) In the United Kingdom Close correlation between earned income and industrial development In UK, earned income is greater in SE region; related to increase economic development in the region Scotland suffered low income due to the declining of main industries

21. In United State of America The level of poverty is detected in certain regions in the States Agricultural regions have relatively more poverty than the urban areas Areas with Black people had higher proportions of poverty

22. Reasons for this regional disparity in UK and USA that the magnitude of disparities varies with stage of economic development developed regions are more attracted by investors disparities are related to industrial development Location influences pattern of disparities

23. National Variations of Disparities ( PPR) Disparities between the NORTH (MEDC) and the SOUTH( LEDC) are significant The disparities between the two regions can be measured in terms of calories in-take, school enrolment ratio and GNP per capita of the population In Latin America, Africa, Middle East and South East Asia the minimum daily requirements of about 2000 calories (low calories in-take) High calories in-take in North America, Europe and Australia GNP per capita indicates countries with low calories in-take Third world countries are the depressed regions of the world

24. Global variations in PPR >PPR in Asia, Latin America and Africa < PPR in USA, Europe and Japan

25. Reasons for global variations depletion of resources in LEDC through abuse of the environment by man Inefficiency use of the resources due to poor technology or ignorance the total absence of resources due to natural causes

26. END OF LECTURE ON PPR