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Published byLoren Watts Modified over 8 years ago
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BEHAVIORAL THEORISTS IVAN PAVLOV B.F. SKINNER A MAJOR PREMISE AND ORIENTATION BEHIND BEHAVIORISM IS THAT PSYCHOLOGY SHOULD STUDY ONLY OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR
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IVAN PAVLOV RUSSIAN PHYSIOLOGIST HE STUDIED THE IMPORTANCE OF SALIVA IN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS OF DOGS
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PSYCHIC REFLEXES DOGS RESTRAINED IN HARNESS COLLECTED SALIVA HE PAIRED MEAT POWDER WITH DIFFERENT STIMULI
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IMPLICATIONS OF PAVLOV’S WORK CLASSICAL CONDITIONING PLAYS A KEY ROLE IN SHAPING EMOTIONAL RESPONSES LIKE FEAR, ANXIETY, AND PHOBIAS USED IN ADVERTISING
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B.F. SKINNER A STRICT BEHAVIORIST HE DID NOT BELIEVE IN INTERNAL MENTAL STATES THE SKINNER BOX & OPERANT CONDITIONING
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SKINNER’S THEORY BEHAVIOR IS INFLUENCED BY REWARDS AND PUNSHMENTS HE TRAINED RATS TO RESPOND TO LIGHTS AND SOUNDS REINFORCEMENT
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APPLICATION OF SKINNER’S WORK USED IN PRISONS AND MENTAL HOSPITALS REINFORCERS ARE USED TO PRODUCE POSITIVE BEHAVIORS TOKEN ECONOMIES SHAPE BEHAVIOR
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THE HUMANISTIC APPROACH MASLOW & ROGERS
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ABRAHAM MASLOW HUMANISTS BELIEVED THAT PSYCHOANALYSIS AND BEHAVIOR- ISM ARE “DEHUMANIZING” EMPHASIS ON UNIQUENESS POSITIVE, OPTIMISTIC
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HUMANS HAVE MANY NEEDS PEOPLE HAVE MANY NEEDS THAT COMPETE BIOLOGICAL MOTIVES SOCIAL MOTIVES HUMAN NEEDS ARE ORGANIZED IN A HIERARCHY
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MASLOW’S HIERARCHY THE NEEDS AT THE BOTTOM ARE THE MOST BASIC (HUNGER) THE NEXT LEVEL=SAFETY NEEDS NEXT= BELONGING AND LOVE
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PYRAMID CONTINUED ESTEEM NEEDS COGNITIVE NEEDS AESTHETIC NEEDS SELF-ACTUALIZED
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APPLICATIONS OF MASLOW’S WORK IN THE FIELD OF BUSINESS IN THE ARTS AND HUMANITIES CRITICISMS
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CARL ROGERS CLIENT-CENTERED THERAPY CCT PROVIDES A SUPPORTIVE ENVIRONMENT IN CCT, THE CLIENT DETERMINES THE PACE & DIRECTION OF THERAPY
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WHAT CAUSES ANXIETY? ANXIETY IS CAUSED BY INCONSISTENCY BETWEEN A PERSON’S SELF- CONCEPT AND REALITY. HOW YOU PERCEIVE YOURSELF
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DO WE NEED CONSTANT APPROVAL FROM OTHERS? ROGERS BELIEVED THIS WAS THE ROOT CAUSE OF CLIENTS' PROBLEMS THE CLIENT NEEDS TO DEVELOP INSIGHT YOU CAN’T ALWAYS PLEASE OTHERS
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THE THERAPEUTIC CLIMATE THE PROCESS OF THERAPY IS LESS RELEVANT THAN THE CLIMATE OF THE THERAPY THERAPY’S ROLE
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QUALITIES OF A GOOD THERAPIST GENUINENESS UNCONDITIONAL POSITIVE REGARD EMPATHY
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THE THERAPEUTIC PROCESS THE THERAPIST PROVIDES VERY LITTLE GUIDANCE THE THERAPIST KEEPS ADVICE TO A MINIMUM THERAPIST PROVIDES FEEDBACK
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THE COGNITIVE APPROACH HUMAN BEHAVIOR CANNOT BE FULLY UNDERSTOOD WITHOUT EXAMINING HOW PEOPLE ACQUIRE, STORE, AND PROCESS INFORMATION ELLIS & PIAGET WERE INFLUENTIAL COGNITIVE THINKERS
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JEAN PIAGET CHILD PSYCHOLOGIST HE FOUND ANSWERS TO HUMAN BEHAVIOR BY STUDYING CHILDREN INFLUENTIAL IN SCHOOL REFORM
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HIS VIEW OF CHILDREN CHILDREN ARE NOT “BLANK SLATES” OR “EMPTY VESSELS” CHILDREN INVENT THEIR OWN LOGIC OBSERVATION OF CHILDREN’S MINDS
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LESSONS PIAGET LEARNED FROM CHILDREN CHILDREN TAKING IQ TESTS MADE SIMILAR ERRORS KNOWLEDGE IS DISCOVERED BY OBSERVING A CHILD’S MIND KNOWLEDGE BUILDS AS KIDS GROW
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AN EXPERIMENT THE PRINCIPLE OF CONSERVATION (AGES 5–7) CHILDREN UNDER AGE 5 ARE EGOCENTRIC BY AGE 7 OBJECT PERMANENCE IS RECOGNIZED
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STAGE 1: SENSORIMOTOR SIMPLE MOTOR RESPONSES TO SENSORY STIMULI; NO CONCEPTION OF OBJECT PERMANENCE USE OF SCHEMAS
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STAGE 2: PREOPERATIONAL AGES 1 ½–7 EXHIBITS EGOCENTRIC THINKING LACKS CONCEPT OF CONSERVA- TION USES SYMBOLS, WORDS, MENTAL IMAGES
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STAGE 3: CONCRETE OPERATIONS AGES 7–11 BEGINS TO UNDERSTAND THE CONCEPT OF CONSERVATION STILL HAS SOME TROUBLE WITH ABSTRACT IDEAS CLASSIFICATION
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STAGE 4: FORMAL OPERATIONS AGES 11 – ADULT UNDERSTANDS ABSTRACT IDEAS AND HYPOTHETICAL SITUATIONS CAPABLE OF LOGICAL THINKING NERVOUS SYSTEM
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