2. Unit 3 Evolution Chapters 13-16

3. History of Evolutionary Theory Anaximander Aristotle Buffon Lamarck Lyell Darwin Wallace

4. Fossils Evidence of previously existing life Usually found in sedimentary rock

11. Evidences Fossils-strata-superposition Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures Biogeography Embryological development Molecular biology

12. Mosasaur

15. Artificial Selection Natural Selection –variation –overproduction –limited resources –survival and reproduction of fittest

16. Population Genetics Modern synthesis Species Microevolution

17. Mechanisms of Evolution Population genetics –gene pool –allelic frequency –genetic equilibrium Mutations

18. Bottleneck effect

20. Founder Effect

22. Conditions for Hardy Weinberg No mutations No migration No natural selection Random mating Large population

23. Hardy-Weinberg Theorem p+ q = 1 (p = frequency of dominant allele, q = frequency of recessive allele) p 2 + 2pq + q 2 = 1

24. Patterns of Evolution Stabilizing selection Directional selection Disruptive (Diversifying)selection

26. Macroevolution Fossil record Radiometric dating Pangea Supercontinents 1.1 billion, 600 million, 250 million years ago

27. Precambrian Era

28. Conditions on primitive earth Earth formed-4.5 billion yrs ago life appeared-3.5 billion yrs ago How?-Oparin (1924) Atmosphere-methane, ammonia, water vapor, hydrogen energy-heat, radiation, lightning Miller tested it in 1953

30. FOX

31. Meteorite have 1-% carbon compounds my mass 4.5 billion year old chondrite contained more than 80 amino acids Dripping amino acids onto hot sand makes amino acid polymers

32. First Cells Heterotrophic prokaryotes Autotrophic prokaryotes –archaebacteria-chemosynthetic –photosynthesizing prokaryotes- produced oxygen

33. Eukaryotes??? Endosymbiont hypothesis –Symbiosis mutualism-both benefit parasitism-1 helped, 1 hurt commensalism-1 helped, 1 unaffected

34. Paleozoic Era

35. Permian Extinction - Permian Period (286-248 million years ago) - Terrestrial faunal diversification occurred in the Permian - 90-95% of marine species became extinct in the Permian

36. Mesozoic Era

37. Cretaceous extinction - Numerous evolutionary radiations occurred during the Cretaceous (144-65 million years ago) - A major extinction occurred at the end of the period. - 85% of all species died in the End- Cretaceous extinction

38. Chixulub crater112-mile (180-kilometer) wide, 3,000- foot (900-meter) deep impact crater, the result of a collision with a giant comet or asteroid on one of Earth's all-time worst days; seen from space shuttle w/ 3D imaging

39. IRIDIUM

40. Day the Mesozoic Died

41. Cenozoic Era

42. Related concepts Adaptations camouflage mimicry bacterial resistance to antibiotics

43. Other Concepts Coevolution Convergent Evolution Gradualism Punctuated Equilibrium

44. SPECIATION Geographic barrier

45. EVOLUTION OF PRIMATES

46. OPPOSABLE THUMB EYES IN FRONT LARGEST BRAIN RELATIVE TO BODY SIZE ELBOW SHOULDER

47. ……………………………………………………………… ………….. 1ST- PURGATORIUS PROSIMIANS –SMALL BODIES –LEMURS, AYE-AYES, TARSIERS ANTHROPOIDS –MONKEYS, APES, HUMANS

48. ANTHROPOIDS NEW WORLD MONKEYS –PREHENSILE TAIL –CENTRAL AND SOUTH AMERICA OLD WORLD MONKEYS –CAN LIVE IN COLD WEATHER APES –NO TAIL, LARGE BRAINS

49. APES CHIMPANZEES GIBBONS GORILLAS ORANGUTANS SIAMANGS

55. HUMANS BIPEDAL HOMINID AUSTRALOPITHECINE HOMO HABILIS HOMO ERECTUS Homo sapien –NEANDERTHAL –CRO MAGNON---MODERN MAN

56. AUSTRALOPITHECINE

57. HOMO HABILIS

59. NEANDERTHAL

60. CRO MAGNON