1. FOSSILS!

2. What is a Fossil? A fossil is any evidence of prehistoric life.
Must be older than 10,000 years but can be up to billions of years old.
Can be plant or animal.
The history of the earth and ages of rocks can be better understood by studying fossils.
Question: What type of rock would most likely have fossils?
Answer: Sedimentary!

3. Life has changed
and become more
complex over time.
Studying fossils tells
us this.

4. Geologic Eras Paleozoic: Means “Ancient Life.”
-Age of Fishes
-Cambrian Explosion (life evolved at an alarming rate during this period)
-Ended with Permian-Triassic Extinction
Mesozoic: Means “Middle Life.”
-Age of Reptiles or Age of Dinosaurs
-Mammals appeared at this time.
-Ended with Cretaceous-Tertiary (K-T) Extinction. Likely from a meteorite impact. (Chicxulub impact crater in Mexico).
Cenozoic: Means “New Life.”
-Age of Mammals
-Evolution of Humans

5. Virginia’s Fossils
Fossils mainly found in Coastal Plain, Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau provinces.
Most Virginia fossils are marine organisms.
Question: What does this mean about Virginia’s past environment?
Answer: Virginia has been covered by seawater for much of its history.
Question: Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic fossils are found in Virginia. What does this tell us?
Answer: Virginia has been around since the Paleozoic Era.

6. Conditions for making a fossil
1.) Quick burial: Prevents organism’s remains from being weathered and eroded or consumed by other organisms.
2.) Hard Parts: Organism usually must have hard parts such as bone, teeth, or shell that won’t be eaten or won’t rot.

7. Types of Preservation
1.) Unaltered Remains: Original organism or hard parts are preserved either in ice, amber, or tar pits.
2.) Petrified/Replacement by permineralization (Turned to stone): Original material is replaced with another mineral.
3.) Mold (Cake Pan): For example, a shell presses into soft sediment leaving an impression. Shows you outside parts.
4.) Cast (Cake): If the mold is filled in with sediment. Shows you inside parts.
5.) Carbonized (thin and delicate): Anoxic environment. Burgess Shale. Can preserve soft parts (i.e. insects/feathers).
6.) Impression (shallow mold)
7.) Trace: Fossils of tracks, burrows, coprolites (poop).

8. Principle of Faunal Succession
States that fossils aren’t randomly placed in strata, but rather follow a succession where they succeed each other in a definite and determinable order.
Organisms live for a certain amount of time and then go extinct, so we can use them to tell us age of rocks.
Index Fossils: A good index fossil is is widespread but short-lived.
Certain Trilobites are good index fossils.

9. Fossil Correlation
Fossils can be used to correlate strata hundreds of miles apart.
If an index fossil is found in two different rock layers, we know they must be the same age.
We can then correlate or connect them together.

10. Fossil Correlation Lab
Start today and finish next class.