1. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Chapter 18: Psychological Disorders Case Study: Not Guilty by Reason of InsanityNot Guilty by Reason of Insanity Section 1: Understanding Psychological DisordersUnderstanding Psychological Disorders Section 2: Anxiety and Mood DisordersAnxiety and Mood Disorders Section 3: Dissociative and Somatoform DisordersDissociative and Somatoform Disorders Section 4: SchizophreniaSchizophrenia Section 5: Personality DisordersPersonality Disorders Lab: Applying What You’ve LearnedApplying What You’ve Learned

2. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. The majority of people with serious psychological disorders are not dangerous to others. Some, however, commit violent crimes. Of these, some are found not guilty by reason of insanity and are sent to psychiatric institutions instead of prison. When an accused person pleads insanity, the prosecutor tries to prove that the person was sane at the time of the crime and the defense tries to prove he or she was not. Under law, one must be either all or nothing, but in reality most psychological disorders are a matter of degree. Case Study: Not Guilty by Reason of Insanity

3. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. What do you think? In general, what criteria must a defendant meet to be ruled legally insane? Do you support the use of the insanity defense? Why or why not?

4. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Psychological disorders are behavior patterns or mental processes that cause serious personal suffering or interfere with a person’s ability to cope with everyday life. The great majority of people are never admitted to mental hospitals and most people never seek the help of psychologists or psychiatrists. Estimates suggest that 23% American adults have experienced some type of psychological disorder. For people aged 15 to 44, psychological disorders are the leading cause of disability in the United States. What Are Psychological Disorders?

5. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Typicality Normality is determined by the degree to which a behavior is average, or typical, of the majority of people. –Scientific and artistic geniuses are not typical, but are not abnormal. –People who are quite normal may have lifestyles that differ widely from the rest of the community. Additional measurements must be taken into account. Identifying Psychological Disorders

6. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Maladaptivity Maladaptivity is a behavior that impairs an individual’s ability to function adequately in everyday life. Ex: Alcoholism, Suicidal, Violent Criminal Emotional Discomfort Depression and anxiety cause extreme emotional discomfort. Socially Unacceptable Behavior Ones culture must be taken into account.

7. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Classification helps to determine: How many people have a given disorder What factors may be associated with a disorder Diagnosis and treatment Classifying Psychological Disorders American Psychiatric Association's classification system Used to communicate needs and treatment Modern categories based on observable signs and symptoms DSM - Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

8. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Dissociative Disorders Somatoform Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders Major Types of Disorders

9. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Anxiety refers to a general state of dread or uneasiness that occurs in response to a vague or imagined danger, as opposed to fear, which is a response to a real danger or threat. –Characterized by NervousnessTrembling Inability to relaxSweating Concern about losing controlRapid heart rat Increased blood pressureShortness of breat Everyone feels anxious at times, but constant anxiety can interfere with effective living. What Is Anxiety?

10. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Phobic Disorder Phobia: Simple phobia is the most common of all anxiety disorders, refers to a persistent excessive fear or irrational fear of a particular object or situation. –Most common include Zoophobia: fear of animals Claustrophobia: fear of enclosed spaces Acrophobia: fear of heights Arachnophobia: fear of spiders Social phobia is characterized by persistent fear of social situations. Ex: public places, public speaking, or dating Types of Anxiety Disorders

11. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

12. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Panic Disorder and Agoraphobia Panic attack is a relatively short period of intense fear or discomfort, characterized by shortness of breath, dizziness, rapid heart rate, and trembling. May believe that they are dying or "going crazy." No apparent cause. Agoraphobia: the fear of being in places or situations in which escape may be difficult or impossible such as crowded public places. –Many people with agoraphobia develop panic attacks when in public.

13. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Post-traumatic Stress Disorder intense, persistent feelings of anxiety that are caused by an experience so traumatic that it would produce stress in almost anyone. –PTSD occurs after rape, abuse, severe accident, natural disasters, and war atrocities. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Obsessions are unwanted thoughts, ideas, or mental images that occur over and over again. Compulsions are repetitive ritual behaviors, often involving checking or cleaning something. People are usually aware that the obsessions are unjustified, which distinguishes obsessions from delusions.

14. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

15. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Most people have mood changes that reflect the normal ups and downs of life, but mood changes that are inappropriate to a situation can signal a mood disorder. Two types: depression and bipolar disorder Bipolar Disorder A cycle of mood changes from depression to wild elation and back again Period of mania, or extreme excitement characterized by hyperactivity and chaotic behavior Major Depression Feelings of helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt, and great sadness The DSM-IV contains a list of symptoms to help diagnose Postpartum Depression Some women suffer symptoms of depression after giving birth Can harm both mother and child Types of Mood Disorders

16. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

17. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Dissociative Amnesia Characterized by a sudden loss of memory, usually following a particularly stressful or traumatic event. It cannot be explained biologically. The incidence of dissociative amnesia rises markedly during wartime and natural disasters. Dissociation: the separation of certain personality components or mental processes from conscious thought In some situations, it is normal (becoming engrossed in a book). If dissociation occurs as a way to avoid stressful events or feelings, it can signal a disorder. Dissociative Disorders

18. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Dissociative Fugue Characterized by not only forgetting personal information and past events but also by suddenly relocating from home or work and taking on a new identity. Individuals may appear healthy until the fugue ends, when they will not remember anything that happened during the fugue. Dissociative Identity Disorder Involves the existence of two or more personalities within a single individual. The various personalities may or may not be aware of the other.

19. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Depersonalization Disorder Depersonalization: feelings of detachment from one’s mental processes or body People describe being outside their bodies.

20. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Somatization: the expression of psychological distress through physical symptoms. People with somatoform disorders have psychological problems (such as depression) but experience inexplicable physical symptoms (such as paralysis). Patients experience a change in or loss of physical functioning in a major part of the body for which there is no known medical explanation Conversion Disorder Somatoform Disorders A person’s unrealistic preoccupation with thoughts that he or she has a serious disease. Hypochondriasis

21. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. What can paintings of cats reveal about a human mind?

22. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Schizophrenia: characterized by loss of contact with reality. –Can be very disabling and can lead to the affected person’s inability to function independently –First appears in young adulthood –Usually develops gradually, but can also appear suddenly Most striking symptoms are: –Hallucinations-Thought disorders –Delusions Other symptoms include social withdrawal, impaired social skills, loss of normal emotional responses. Occasionally, may go into a catatonic stupor: an immobile, expressionless, coma like state. What Is Schizophrenia?

23. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor.

24. Psychological Disorders Original Content Copyright by HOLT McDougal. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Paranoid Schizophrenia Delusions or frequent auditory hallucinations that center on one theme, often a theme of persecution Disorganized Schizophrenia Incoherent in their thought and speech and disorganized in their behavior Emotionless or show inappropriate emotions Catatonic Schizophrenia May hold unusual, uncomfortable body positions for long periods of time Types of Schizophrenia