1. 20 th Century Since 1945

2. Key Terms and People 1. Iron Curtain: Imaginary line separating East (Communism) and West Europe (Democracy). 1. Iron Curtain: Imaginary line separating East (Communism) and West Europe (Democracy). 2. Satellite: Countries controlled by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe. 2. Satellite: Countries controlled by the Soviet Union in Eastern Europe. 3. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization which was led by the US who promised to protect each other if attacked. 3. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization which was led by the US who promised to protect each other if attacked. 4. Warsaw Pact: Soviet led response to NATO (Eastern Europe). 4. Warsaw Pact: Soviet led response to NATO (Eastern Europe). 5. Containment: Contain Communism (Stop the spread). 5. Containment: Contain Communism (Stop the spread). 6. Cold War: War without actually fighting between the US and the Soviet Union. 6. Cold War: War without actually fighting between the US and the Soviet Union. 7. Nonaligned Nation: Countries not on a side. 7. Nonaligned Nation: Countries not on a side.

3. Describe the government set up by the allies in Germany after WWII. Democratic: Let people in. Democratic: Let people in.

4. The Cold War

5. What were the fundamental differences between the two competing superpowers in the Cold War? US: US: Democracy, free market. Democracy, free market. Soviet Union: Soviet Union: Communist, non-free market. Communist, non-free market.

6. What are the Truman Doctrine and Marshall Plan and how are they responses to Soviet expansion? Truman: Truman: Economic and military program to resist Soviet aggression. Economic and military program to resist Soviet aggression. Marshall Plan: Marshall Plan: Economic aid package to strengthen democratic governments and lessen Communist appeal. Economic aid package to strengthen democratic governments and lessen Communist appeal.

7. What was the cause of the Berlin Airlift? What was its effect on Germany? Soviets blockaded Berlin trying to force allies out. Soviets blockaded Berlin trying to force allies out. Divided the Government. Divided the Government.

8. Why were NATO and the Warsaw Pact formed? To protect each other. To protect each other.

9. What happened when countries wanted to be free of Soviet control? Give 2 examples Soviets would crush the revolt. Soviets would crush the revolt. Hungary: 1956 Hungary: 1956 Czechoslovakia: 1968. Czechoslovakia: 1968.

10. How did the Cold War lead to an arms race? Each side wanted to be more powerful to be able to defeat the other. Each side wanted to be more powerful to be able to defeat the other.

11. Key Conflicts: Korean War: Korean War: Korea was divided into Communist North and Democratic South. Korea was divided into Communist North and Democratic South. US tried to stop it. US tried to stop it.

12. Vietnam War People: People: Ho Chi Minh (Communist) and Ngo Ding Diem (Non-Communist) Ho Chi Minh (Communist) and Ngo Ding Diem (Non-Communist) Tried to prevent Vietnam from Communism. Tried to prevent Vietnam from Communism.

13. Arab States and Israel: Conflicts: Conflicts: 7 Day War and Yom Kippur War. 7 Day War and Yom Kippur War. People: People: General Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel), Anwar Sadat (Egypt) General Abdel Nasser (Egypt), Menachem Begin (Israel), Anwar Sadat (Egypt) US supported Israel, USSR supported Arabs. US supported Israel, USSR supported Arabs.

14. Iran and Iraq Conflicts: Conflicts: Islamic Revolution in Iran, Iran-Iraq War. Islamic Revolution in Iran, Iran-Iraq War. People: People: Shah of Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini. Shah of Iran and Ayatollah Khomeini. US supported anti-Communist Shah. US supported anti-Communist Shah. Soviets supported Iran in Iran-Iraq war. Soviets supported Iran in Iran-Iraq war.

15. Economic Issues in Post War Era 1. Developed Nation: countries with modern agriculture, industries, advanced technology (US, Japan, Russia, Western Europe). 1. Developed Nation: countries with modern agriculture, industries, advanced technology (US, Japan, Russia, Western Europe). 2. Developing Nation: Nations without modern industrial economies and limited resources. 2. Developing Nation: Nations without modern industrial economies and limited resources. 3. Mixed Economy: Combination of Command and Market Economies. 3. Mixed Economy: Combination of Command and Market Economies. 4. European Union: European countries that joined together to eliminate tariffs, make trade easier. 4. European Union: European countries that joined together to eliminate tariffs, make trade easier. 5. Balance of Trade: How much you export compared to how much you import. 5. Balance of Trade: How much you export compared to how much you import. 6. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum and Exporting Countries. 6. OPEC: Organization of Petroleum and Exporting Countries.

16. Market Vs. Command Economies Capitalism: Capitalism: People own things, People (Businesses) make decisions, Goods and services are distributed by Demand. People own things, People (Businesses) make decisions, Goods and services are distributed by Demand. Communism: Communism: Government owns things, Government makes decisions, Government distributes things. Government owns things, Government makes decisions, Government distributes things.

17. 3 economic problems developing nations in Latin America face: 1. Too much debt. 1. Too much debt. 2. Population Explosion. 2. Population Explosion. 3. Relying on Cash Crops. 3. Relying on Cash Crops.

18. List and Explain 5 obstacles to progress in Africa: 1. Population and Poverty: 1. Population and Poverty: Too many people and not enough food. Too many people and not enough food. 2. Land/Climate: 2. Land/Climate: Climate and land poor, difficult to grow crops. Climate and land poor, difficult to grow crops. 3. Economic Dependence: 3. Economic Dependence: Rely on others, too much debt. Rely on others, too much debt. 4. Economic Policies: 4. Economic Policies: Failed Socialism. Too many cash crops. Failed Socialism. Too many cash crops. 5. Political: 5. Political: Dictators, military takeovers, ethnic conflicts. Dictators, military takeovers, ethnic conflicts.

19. How has the worldwide demand for oil changed the balance of power in the Middle East? Middle Eastern countries have $, buying power and control the world’s economy. Middle Eastern countries have $, buying power and control the world’s economy.

20. Chinese Communist Revolution 1. Mao Zedong: 1. Mao Zedong: Leader of the Communists in the 1930. Leader of the Communists in the 1930. 2. Deng Xiaoping: 2. Deng Xiaoping: Took over for Mao in 1976. Took over for Mao in 1976. 3. Cultural Revolution: 3. Cultural Revolution: Attempt to renew people’s loyalty to Communism and establish a more equitable society. Attempt to renew people’s loyalty to Communism and establish a more equitable society. 4. Great Leap Forward: 4. Great Leap Forward: Mao wanted to increase agricultural and industrial output. Mao wanted to increase agricultural and industrial output. 5. Tiananmen Square: 5. Tiananmen Square: Demonstrators occupied an area looking for rights and freedoms. Government sent in troops to break it up. Demonstrators occupied an area looking for rights and freedoms. Government sent in troops to break it up.

21. Why were Mao and the Communists victorious over Jiang and the Nationalists in China’s Civil War? 1. Mao won support of the peasant population of China by promising to give the peasant population land. 1. Mao won support of the peasant population of China by promising to give the peasant population land.

22. The Great Leap Forward Goal: Goal: Increase farm and factory output. Increase farm and factory output. Methods: Methods: Communes (Farms) and production quotas. Communes (Farms) and production quotas. Results: Results: Program fails, 2 years of hunger and low production. Program fails, 2 years of hunger and low production.

23. Cultural Revolution Goals: Goals: Renew Communist loyalties. Renew Communist loyalties. Methods: Methods: Red Guards attack professors and other officials by following the Little Red Book. Red Guards attack professors and other officials by following the Little Red Book. Results: Results: Economy slows, people afraid, lost generation. Economy slows, people afraid, lost generation.

24. Four Modernizations: Deng 1. Farming methods modernized and mechanized. 1. Farming methods modernized and mechanized. 2. Industry upgraded and expanded. 2. Industry upgraded and expanded. 3. Science and technology promoted and developed. 3. Science and technology promoted and developed. 4. Defense systems and military forces improved. 4. Defense systems and military forces improved.

25. What was the significance of the Tiananmen Square uprising? Importance for communist leaders to keep control. Importance for communist leaders to keep control. People in China had few rights. People in China had few rights.

26. Collapse of European Imperialism Collapse of European Imperialism

27. Why did Britain grant India independence? Because India’s control for it had weakened, and the policy of passive resistance had made Britain look bad. Because India’s control for it had weakened, and the policy of passive resistance had made Britain look bad.

28. What are the 2 dominant ethnic groups in India? Muslim and Hindu. Muslim and Hindu.

29. How did Britain try to solve the ethnic division? British officials drew borders that would create Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan. British officials drew borders that would create Hindu India and Muslim Pakistan.

30. Why sort of government does India have? Democracy Democracy

31. Why does India follow a policy of nonalignment? It allowed India to accept help from both capitalist and socialist nations. It allowed India to accept help from both capitalist and socialist nations.

32. Independent Nations in Africa Independent Nations in Africa

33. How did WWII increase the desire for African independence? 1. Many Africans had fought in the war, and they resented returning home as second class citizens. 1. Many Africans had fought in the war, and they resented returning home as second class citizens. 2. Many had migrated to cities and were exposed to nationalist ideas. 2. Many had migrated to cities and were exposed to nationalist ideas. 3. The Atlantic Charter had set forth the idea of self-determination for all nations. 3. The Atlantic Charter had set forth the idea of self-determination for all nations.

34. Who is Kwame Nkrumah Led the independence movement in the Country of Ghana. Led the independence movement in the Country of Ghana. Used Pan-Africanism to try to united Africans. Used Pan-Africanism to try to united Africans.

35. Who is Jomo Kenyatta? Led the independence movement in Kenya. Led the independence movement in Kenya.

36. Africa still has many economic links from colonialism. Describe:

37. Trade patterns: Europeans had set up economies that depended on the export of raw materials and cash crops. Many African nations still rely on trading those single products. Europeans had set up economies that depended on the export of raw materials and cash crops. Many African nations still rely on trading those single products.

38. Exports: African nations export a very select few products. When the prices of those products drop, there economies are devastated. African nations export a very select few products. When the prices of those products drop, there economies are devastated.

39. Manufactured Goods African countries rely on importing manufactured goods from European countries. African countries rely on importing manufactured goods from European countries.

40. How did the borders drawn by colonial powers eventually contribute to civil war in Africa? Because Europeans did not regard African tribal lines at all, they often had different tribes fighting with each other for control of land inside of a country. Because Europeans did not regard African tribal lines at all, they often had different tribes fighting with each other for control of land inside of a country.

41. Give some examples of Apartheid in South Africa: Black Africans and other nonwhites had to live in certain zones. Black Africans and other nonwhites had to live in certain zones. Separate trains, beaches, schools, etc. Separate trains, beaches, schools, etc. Interracial marriages banned. Interracial marriages banned.

42. What was the purpose of the ANC? Opposed apartheid, by using civil disobedience and boycotts. Opposed apartheid, by using civil disobedience and boycotts. Led by Nelson Mandela. Led by Nelson Mandela.

43. Conflict and Change in the Middle East 1. Palestinian Liberation Organization: led by Arafat, wanted to gain Palestine back for the Palestinians. 1. Palestinian Liberation Organization: led by Arafat, wanted to gain Palestine back for the Palestinians. 2. Yasir Arafat: Leader of the PLO. 2. Yasir Arafat: Leader of the PLO. 3. Camp David Accord: Peace agreement between Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat). 3. Camp David Accord: Peace agreement between Israel (Begin) and Egypt (Sadat). 4. Ayatollah Khomeini: Leader of the Iranian Revolution. 4. Ayatollah Khomeini: Leader of the Iranian Revolution. 5. Saddam Hussein: Leader of Iraq. 5. Saddam Hussein: Leader of Iraq. 6. Persian Gulf War: War between Iraq and a coalition after Iraq invaded Kuwait. 6. Persian Gulf War: War between Iraq and a coalition after Iraq invaded Kuwait. 7. Islamic Fundamentalism: Reform by people who opposed westernization and wanted to apply Islamic principles to the problems in their nation. 7. Islamic Fundamentalism: Reform by people who opposed westernization and wanted to apply Islamic principles to the problems in their nation. 8. Balfour Declaration: Support for Zionism by the British after WWI 8. Balfour Declaration: Support for Zionism by the British after WWI

44. What impact has geography had on the culture and history of the Middle East? Oil brought power to those countries in the Middle East which had oil. Has also led to war. Oil brought power to those countries in the Middle East which had oil. Has also led to war. Limited water supply, because of the deserts, has led to limited water supply and arguments over water rights. Limited water supply, because of the deserts, has led to limited water supply and arguments over water rights.

45. How has diversity in the Middle East affected its recent history? It has led to many wars between those that are Jewish (Israel) and those that are Arab (Islamic). It has led to many wars between those that are Jewish (Israel) and those that are Arab (Islamic).

46. Look at the map on page 310. What countries border Israel? What effect does Israel’s location have on its relationship with its neighbors? Countries on Israel’s border: Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon. Countries on Israel’s border: Jordan, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon. Have led to wars between the two sides and conflict and violence. Have led to wars between the two sides and conflict and violence.

47. How was the Iranian Revolution an example of an Islamic Fundamentalism revolution? 1. The Iranian government was hostile to the west. Western books, music and movies banned. 1. The Iranian government was hostile to the west. Western books, music and movies banned. 2. The government required strict adherence to Muslim religious tradition. 2. The government required strict adherence to Muslim religious tradition. 3. Many rights were taken away from government. 3. Many rights were taken away from government. 4. Iran encouraged Muslims in other countries to work to overthrown secular governments and establish Islamic republics. 4. Iran encouraged Muslims in other countries to work to overthrown secular governments and establish Islamic republics.

48. What was the primary cause of the Persian Gulf War? Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized its oil fields, and the US saw it as an threat to Saudi Arabia and to the flow of oil. Iraq invaded Kuwait and seized its oil fields, and the US saw it as an threat to Saudi Arabia and to the flow of oil.

49. What factors have contributed to conflict in the Middle East? 1. Creation of the state of Israel. 1. Creation of the state of Israel. 2. Growing influence of Islamic Fundamentalism. 2. Growing influence of Islamic Fundamentalism. 3 Aggressive actions of leaders like Saddam Hussein. 3 Aggressive actions of leaders like Saddam Hussein.

50. What two forces (using the forces shaping the Middle East Chart) are the greatest advantage to the Middle East? 1. Natural Resources: Supplies them with a great deal of money to build upon. (oil) 1. Natural Resources: Supplies them with a great deal of money to build upon. (oil) 2. Democracy in Israel and Turkey which could lead to future democracy in other areas. 2. Democracy in Israel and Turkey which could lead to future democracy in other areas.

51. Disadvantages? 1. Too many religions fighting for control and leading to prejudice. 1. Too many religions fighting for control and leading to prejudice. 2. Anti-western feelings leading to fighting between the west and these countries. 2. Anti-western feelings leading to fighting between the west and these countries.

52. Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union. Collapse of Communism in the Soviet Union.

53. 1. Détente: Lessening of tensions between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War. 1. Détente: Lessening of tensions between the US and Soviet Union during the Cold War. 2. Mikhail Gorbachev: Leader of the Soviet Union who helped end Communism. 2. Mikhail Gorbachev: Leader of the Soviet Union who helped end Communism.

54. What event brought détente to an end? The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979. The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in 1979.

55. Describe Perestroika Freedom economically for the businesses of the Soviet Union. Freedom economically for the businesses of the Soviet Union. Stimulate economic growth and make industry more efficient. Stimulate economic growth and make industry more efficient. Allow for free market reforms. Allow for free market reforms.

56. Describe Glasnost Openness, ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss the problems in the Soviet Union. Openness, ended censorship and encouraged people to discuss the problems in the Soviet Union.

57. How did Gorbachev’s policies lead to the breakup of the Soviet Union? 1. As Gorbachev eased political restrictions, people began to voice nationalist sentiments. 1. As Gorbachev eased political restrictions, people began to voice nationalist sentiments. 2. Because it was a multinational state, people in the non-Russian republics opposed Russian domination. 2. Because it was a multinational state, people in the non-Russian republics opposed Russian domination. 3. That led to them declaring their independence. 3. That led to them declaring their independence.

58. What effect did Gorbachev’s reforms have on Eastern Europe? 1. It sparked demand for democracy and national independence. 1. It sparked demand for democracy and national independence. 2. Poland, East Germany, Romania and Bulgaria broke away from Soviet control. 2. Poland, East Germany, Romania and Bulgaria broke away from Soviet control. 3. There were attempts to make a transition from a command to a market economy. 3. There were attempts to make a transition from a command to a market economy.

59. Who led the movement for Polish independence? Lech Walesa who led Solidarity, which was an independent trade union which called for political change in Poland. Lech Walesa who led Solidarity, which was an independent trade union which called for political change in Poland.

60. Why is the fall of the Berlin Wall considered a significant event? This led to East and West Germany being reunited. This led to East and West Germany being reunited. The Berlin Wall was a symbol of communism as it divided East and West Berlin. The Berlin Wall was a symbol of communism as it divided East and West Berlin.

61. Give examples of how the fall of the Soviet Union led to the rise of ethnic tensions throughout Eastern Europe. 1. Czechoslovakia split into 2 separate countries: Czech Republic and Slovakia. 1. Czechoslovakia split into 2 separate countries: Czech Republic and Slovakia. 2. In the Balkan peninsula, Yugoslavia was split apart into many different countries. 2. In the Balkan peninsula, Yugoslavia was split apart into many different countries. 3. Russia has had to fight a “Civil War” with the people of Chechnya who have Muslim culture very different than Russia. 3. Russia has had to fight a “Civil War” with the people of Chechnya who have Muslim culture very different than Russia.