1. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 1 Chapter 16 GENDER ROLES Section 1: What Are Gender Roles?What Are Gender Roles? Section 2: Gender DifferencesGender Differences Section 3: Gender TypingGender Typing Section 4: Variation in Gender RolesVariation in Gender Roles

2. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 2 Chapter 16

3. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 3 Chapter 16 Question: What are gender roles and gender stereotypes and how do they differ? GENDER Gender Roles – widely accepted societal expectations about how males and females should behave Gender Stereotypes – fixed and oversimplified beliefs about the ways in which men and women ought to behave Gender roles are widely accepted standards of gender- specific behavior while gender stereotypes are rigid, distorted, and oversimplified beliefs about how men and women should behave Section 1: What Are Gender Roles?

4. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 4 Chapter 16

5. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 5 Chapter 16 Question: How have some studies indicated gender differences in cognitive abilities, personality, and behavior? GENDER DIFFERENCES Differences in Cognitive Abilities – it has been noted that males and females each outperform the other in certain tasks Differences in Personality and Behavior – women tend to exceed men in trust, nurturance and attention while men tend to exceed women in assertiveness Section 2: Gender Differences

6. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 6 Chapter 16 Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur? GENDER TYPING Gender typing – different theories proposed to explain gender role developments Section 3: Gender Typing

7. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 7 Chapter 16 Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur? GENDER TYPING THEORIES Psychoanalytic Theory – gender typing can be explained in terms of gender identification Social Learning Theory – gender role behavior is acquired through two different learning processes – reinforcement and modeling Section 3: Gender Typing

8. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 8 Chapter 16 Question: What is gender typing, and what are several theories that explain how it may occur? Gender-Schema Theory – children play an important role in developing gender- appropriate behavior by forming their own concepts about gender and then shaping their behavior so that it conforms to their gender concepts Section 3: Gender Typing GENDER TYPING THEORIES (continued)

9. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 9 Chapter 16 Question: How have gender roles changed over time, and in what ways can they vary from culture to culture? CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION Increasing participation of women in activities long considered appropriate for men only Men have taken on tasks previously performed by women Gender roles in one society may be viewed differently in another culture Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles

10. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 10 Chapter 16 Question: How have gender roles changed over time, and in what ways can they vary from culture to culture? Men and women of different cultures could be expected to be aggressive or peaceful Cultures may also have different ideas about who should be primarily responsible for raising children Section 4: Variation in Gender Roles CHANGE IN GENDER ROLES AND VARIATION (continued)

11. HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON P SYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE 11 Chapter 16 Question: What are the differences between gender roles and gender stereotypes? Gender Roles Gender Stereotypes