1. Training Program and Refresher under the Malé Declaration Country Report: Pakistan By: Muhammad Ahmad Khan (Manager/DeputySecretaryMinistry of Climate Change) Sajid Mahmood (Laboratory Technical) Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Islamabad Government of Pakistan

2. Institutional Arrangement A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was signed between Pak-EPA and Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) to establish and for proper functioning of Trans-boundary Air Pollution Monitoring Station under Male′ Declaration. PMD Officials and staff are looking after the Laboratory and carrying out the monitoring activities. Punjab University was nominated to Carry out Study on ‘Crop Impact Assessment’

3. List of Equipments Installed: Ambient air monitoring equipment for Particulate Matter [PM10 and TSPM (Total Suspended Particulate Matter)] Bulk collector - for deposition monitoring Wet-only collector – for acidic gas deposition Diffusive samplers (for Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone) according to the monitoring protocol All equipment were installed according to the monitoring protocol under Malé Declaration

4. Health Impact Assessment in Pakistan Health End-PointsAttributed Total Cases Total Annual Costs Premature mortality adults21,79158-61 Mortality children under 5 yrs6580.83 Chronic Bronchitis7,8250.06 Hospital Admissions81,3120.28 Emergency room visits/ outpatient hospital visits 1,595,0800.80 Restricted activity days81,541,8932.06 Lower respiratory illness in children4,924,1480.84 Respiratory symptoms706,808,7320.00 Total62-65 Source: Pakistan Strategic country Environmental Assessment Report by World Bank, 2006

5. Status of Air Quality

6. Generation of Pollutants by Industry Carbon Monoxide: 285 tons Nitrogen Oxides: 162 tons Sulphur Oxides: 378 tons Particulate Matter: 4,400 tons Source: Pakistan Strategic country Environmental Assessment Report by World Bank, 2006.

7. Sources of Air Pollution Major sources are vehicles, power plants, industries and brick kilns. Transport-related: Old and poorly functioning vehicles, diesel trucks, two-stroke two wheelers and Rickshaws. High level of sulfur in diesel. Burning of municipal solid waste is significant, almost 57,000 tons of solid waste is generated each day, most of which is either dumped or burnt.

8. Air Quality Monitoring Air quality monitoring network was established in 2007 Fixed and mobile monitoring stations have been established to collect the data of ambient air in 5 major cities.

9. Monitoring Activities Under Male' Declaration

10. Monitoring Site: Bahawal Nagar Monitoring Station comprising a Laboratory was established at Bahawal Nagar in January 2007 for Trans- boundary Air Pollution Monitoring under Male′ Declaration.

11. Bahawal Nagar Industries located around monitoring station Haze / Fog phenomena in winter in Bahawalnagar

12. Onsite Laboratory A laboratory for the analysis of basic parameters of the field samples collected from the dry and wet-only collectors was also established at the site.

13. List of Equipments Installed High Volume Samplers Bulk collector - for deposition monitoring Wet-only collector – for acidic gas deposition Diffusive samplers (for Nitrogen Dioxide, Sulfur Dioxide and Ozone) according to the monitoring protocol UV-Spectrophotometer pH Meter Electricity Conductivity Meter All equipment were installed according to the monitoring protocol under Malé Declaration

14. 5RSC10IG Laboratory

15. Training on Air Sampler Demonstration on Diffusion Samplers

16. Training on Bulk Collector Training on Wet Only Collector

17. On-Site Monitoring Activities Samples are being collected from the Monitoring Site at Bahawal Nagar. PM 10, NRSPM & TSPM are Analyzed at the Monitoring Site. Samples for Analysis of SO 2 & NO 2 are being sent regularly to Swedish Environmental Research Institute, Sweden.

18. Monthly Average Data of HVAS from February to December, 2007 Name of monthConcentration (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 NRSPMTSPM February, 2007217.72175.87393.60 March, 2007120.21110.66198.24 April, 2007143.2271.26414.58 May,2007367.52768.631136.15 June, 2007135.14388.23523.37 July, 2007227.21384.54611.15 August, 2007134.90413.49548.38 September, 2007105.42309.09414.51 October, 2007247.05390.31637.35 November, 2007257.05303.10560.17 December, 2007239.78195.71435.49

19. Comparison of PM 10 (µg/m 3 )at Bahawal Nagar with WHO Standards

20. Monthly Average Data of HVAS from January to December, 2008 Name of monthConcentration (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 NRSPMTSPM January, 2008169.87165.71335.58 February, 2008208.78318.44527.21 March, 2008173.19294.99468.18 April, 2008129.98385.30515.27 May,2008349.37872.981222.35 June, 2008175.84279.99455.83 July, 2008161.41300.41461.82 August, 2008 57.58218.03275.61 September, 2008 91.50250.52342.02 October, 2008 196.63340.43537.07 November, 2008 200.25369.42569.67 December, 2008 189.69243.35433.04

21. Comparison of PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) at Bahawal Nagar for 2008 with WHO Standards

22. Monthly Average Data of HVAS from January to December, 2009 Name of monthConcentration (µg/m 3 ) PM 10 NRSPMTSPM January, 2009 162.86289.22452.08 February, 2009 105.78265.31371.09 March, 2009--- April, 2009--- May,2009--- June, 2009--- July, 2009--- August, 2009 --- September, 2009 --- October, 2009 --- November, 2009 --- December, 2009 312.83353.17666.00

23. Comparison of PM 10 (µg/m 3 ) at Bahawal Nagar for 2009 with WHO Standards

24. Results of Diffusive Samplers for 2005 MonthSO 2 (μg/m 3 )NO 2 (μg/m 3 ) January-February11.750.6 February-March12.451.5 March-April12.937.5 April-May14.448.3 May-June13.434.3 June-July7.841.1 July-August8.741.8 August-September10.944.7 September-October20.973.5 October-November23.551.0 November-December19.960.2

25. Results of Diffusive Samplers for 2006 MonthSO 2 (μg/m 3 )NO 2 (μg/m 3 )O 3 (μg/m 3 ) December-January18.855.8- January-February20.651.9- February-March15.849.9- March-June11.628.9- June12.140.6- June-July7.742.254.0 July-August8.042.128.0 August-September12.145.029.0 September-October12.150.526.0 October-November13.762.513.0 November-December9.656.511.0

26. Results of Diffusive Samplers for 2007 MonthSO 2 (μg/m 3 )NO 2 (μg/m 3 )O 3 (μg/m 3 ) December-January8.960.611.0 January-February9.020.255.0 March-April9.512.461.0 April6.88.870.0 June-July3.77.770.0 July-August4.77.166.0 August-September4.88.861.0 September-October4.49.776.0

27. Monthly average of weekly collected data of Wet Deposition for Year 2007 ( Wet only Collector) Name of MonthElectrical Conductivity (EC) µS/cm pHTotal Rain (mm) February, 200793.57.48.48 March, 2007--- April, 2007222.47.851.1 May, 2007274.48trace June, 200796.57.8433 July, 2007143.958.133.6 August, 2007567.73.8 September, 20072759.610 October, 2007Nil November, 2007Nil trace December, 200721081 January, 2008238.957.84.4

28. Monthly average of weekly collected data of Wet Deposition for Year 2008 ( Wet only Collector) Name of MonthElectrical Conductivity (EC) µS/cm pHTotal Rain (mm) January--8.8 February--o March--o April--8.5 May9708.0416 June--28.1 July--8.6 August-7.659.0 September--Trace October--0 November--0 December--3.0

29. Monthly average of weekly collected data of Wet Deposition for Year 2009 ( Wet only Collector) Name of MonthElectrical Conductivity (EC) µS/cm pHTotal Rain (mm) January--2.8 February--3.0 March--4.3 April--1.8 May--1.0 June--4.8 July--22.2 August--5.8 September--7.3 October--- November--- December--0

30. Monthly average of weekly collected data of Wet Deposition for Year 2008 ( Bulk Collector) Name of MonthElectrical Conductivity (EC) µS/cm pHTotal Rain (mm) January238.957.798.8 February--0 March--0 April393.07.878.5 May168.057.9917.5 June136.38.028.1 July155.38.08.6 August65.0157.659.0 September--- October--- November--- December5557.3712.0

31. Monthly average of weekly collected data of Wet Deposition for Year 2009 ( Bulk Collector) Name of MonthElectrical Conductivity (EC) µS/cm pHTotal Rain (mm) January50207.8314.0 February47107.912.0 March53907.9617.0 April29807.857.0 May--1.0 June28107.114.8 July2755.37.6022.2 August9189.75.8 September9368.87.3 October--- November--- December--0

32. Inter-Comparison Study 8 Passive Samplers for NO 2 and SO 2 (ready for exposure) were Provided to the Malé Declaration Site. One Set of Four Samplers for NO 2 and SO 2 was Analyzed by the Usual Protocol Employed at Pak-EPA’s Laboratory Send the Second Set of 4 Samplers to NUS for Analysis, along with the Protocol Employed at Pak-EPA’s Laboratory. This Experiment was Done Twice.

33. Part-1 In Country Exposure and Analysis Report NO 2 Analysis Report Sample ID Exposure Time Or 14 Days Approximat e height of exposure) Absorbance of Sample (A) Absorbance Of Blank (A o ) NO 2 Concentration (ppb)µg/m3 B-13352.50.4270.12122.6442.6 21334100.3140.12114.3326.96 22334100.2890.12112.523.5

34. Part-1 In Country Exposure and Analysis Report SO 2 Analysis Report Sample IDExposure Time Or 14 Days Approximate height of exposure (m) Absorbanc e of Sample (A) Absorbance Of Blank (A o ) NO 2 Concentration (PPb)µg/m 3 B-13352.50.4270.12122.6442.6 21334100.3140.12114.3326.96 22334100.2890.12112.523.5

35. Rain Water Samples Rain Water Samples received in March, 2007 and July, 2008 have been Analyzed at NIA.

36. Results of Rain Water Samples for Year 2007 ParameterMeasurement/a nalytical method Manufacturer/Ty pe of equipment Detection limits (umol/L) Determination limit (umol/L) Concentration (umol/L)Note Sample 1Sample 2 pHGlass ElectrodeWTW Germany made 4-5.5 at 25. o C 5.45.04 Temp*20.20 ECConductivity cellWTW Germany made 1-10ms/m3ms/m5.12ms/m Temp*25. o C25.6 o C SO 4 2- Absorption Method Anova_Spectr- oquant (MERCK) - 0.003A to 0.002A 5 – 1004.0620.6 NO 3 - Absorption Method Anova_Spectr- oquant (MERCK) -5 - 1007.7469.58 Cl - Absorption Method UV-1601 Schimadzu -5 - 15016.6417.21 NH 4 + ** Na + ** K+K+ Ca 2+ Absorption Method Anova_Spectr- oquant (MERCK -1 - 50179188 Mg 2+ Absorption Method Anova_Spectr- oquant (MERCK 1 - 507.8156.2 *- Temperature reading of the pH and EC meters (recommended value ~25 0 C) **- Laboratory is under commissioning and most of instruments like AAS, IC are not proper functioning.

37. Results of Rain Water Samples for Year 2008 Paramete r Measuremen t/analytical method Manufacturer/T ype of equipment Detection limits (umol/L) Determinatio n limit (umol/L) Concentration (umol/L)Note Sample 1Sample 2 pHGlass Electrode WTW Germany made 4-5.5 at 25. o C 4.95.08 Temp*20.20 ECConductivity cell WTW Germany made 1-10ms/m4.42µs/m5.12µs/m Temp*25. o C27.4 o C27.1 o C SO 4 2- Absorption Method Anova_Spectr- oquant (MERCK) - 0.003A to 0.002A 5 – 10032.98.3 NO 3 - Absorption Method Anova_Spectr- oquant (MERCK) -5 - 10018.529.8 Cl - Absorption Method UV-1601 Schimadzu -5 - 15067.7414.64 NH 4 + ** Na + ** K+K+ Ca 2+ Absorption Method Anova_Spectr- oquant (MERCK -1 - 50120.239.51 Mg 2+ Absorption Method Anova_Spectr- oquant (MERCK 1 - 5015.738.1

38. Results of Rain Water Samples for Year 2011 Organization namePakistan Environmental Protection Agency IslamabadCode Department/SectionCLEAN Laboratory Number of staff in charge of measurement1 Person Year of experience Staff No.1: 11 1/2 years (if more than 2 persons, a row be added) Staff No.2: Name of contact personSajid Mahmood (Chemist-Air) Date of receiving samples20/07/2011 Samples conditions at receivedIn cool box Dates of measurement of different parameters pH,EC(2011/07/22) - NO3(2011/07/23) - Cl(2011/07/25) - SO4(2011/07/27) - Ca(2011/07/28) -Mg(2011/07/29) (specify for each parameter) Postal addressCLEAN Laboratory, Plot # 41, Street # 06, H-8/2 Islamabad Pakistan Contact addressTel: +92519250713-8 Fax: +92519250718 Email: searchline2001@yahoo.com Note ParameterMeasurement/analytical methodManufacturer/Type of equipmentDetection limits (μmol/l)Determination limits (μmol/l) Concentration (µmol/L)Note Sample 32 (Low)Sample 31 (High) 1st2nd3rd Average STD1st2nd3rdAverage STD analysisanalysisanalysis pHGlass electrode pH meter5.986.056.076.03 0.055.695.615.695.660.05 Temp*2524.924.924.933 0.05824.824.92524.9000.100 ECConductivity CellEC meter0.6800.6700.6500.667 0.0152.9502.9603.0102.9730.032 Temp*25.90025.00025.10025.333 0.49326.126.326.126.1670.115 SO42-SpectrophotometrySpectrophotometer3.252.982.52.9 0.3833.3532.535.6533.81.63 NO3-SpectrophotometrySpectrophotometer2.081.981.781.9 0.1532.128.1530.3530.21.98 Cl-Argentrometric method 8.188.167.958 0.1377.7376.6875.98770.88 NH4+distillation unit for NH3 is not present Na+AAS not functional K+AAS not functional Ca2+Titrimetry 2.862.752.953 0.1029.0727.1525.5271.79 Mg2+Titrimetry 2.942.351.982 0.4817.3618.2519.5181.08 * - Temperature readings of the pH and EC meters (recommended value ~ 25oC)

39. Status of Emission Inventory Emission Inventory is Being Developed for Onward Submission.

40. Crop Impact Assessment Punjab University was nominated as Institute to carry out the Study on ‘Crop Impact Assessment’ which has been completed. Pak-EPA is not being Informed About the Developments of Experiments Being Done by the Expert Institute Designated for the Job.

41. Health Impact Assessment Research Study- Level of Exposure of School Children to Air Pollutants

42. Objectives To Monitor the Level of NO 2 and SO 2 in Ambient Air in order to Know the Spatial Variation of this Important Traffic Related Air Pollutant. To Determine the Level of Exposure of School Children to Air Pollutants.

43. Activities Undertaken A 5-Days Comprehensive Study has been Undertaken in Murree (Hill Resort) in September, 2007. 15 Locations were Selected for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring of NO 2 and SO 2. Vehicular Emission Testing was Also Done in that Area. Personal Passive Samplers were Attached to 37 Children to Monitor the Exposure Level

47. Results NO 2 and SO 2 concentration decreases with Increase in distance from the road. The samplers installed at more than 30 meters Distance from the road have More or Less Stable Concentration of NO 2 and SO 2. Children of Schools Away from the Roadside Area are Less Exposed to Air Pollutants

48. Challenges & Difficulties Administrative One of the main issue is our ministry was under devolution process (2010 – end of 2011) i. Become part of CADD (Capital Administration and Development Department) ii. Then assigned to ministry of Disaster Management iii. Finally the ministry was renamed by Ministry of Climate Change Communication and Logistical Constraints for Supervising & Monitoring the Site

49. Technical Equipments were Showing Sign of Wear – Tear and now completely non-functional. High Volume Sampler is not functional due to Unavailability of filter papers since 2009.

50. Male’ station condition was going bad day by day due to unavailability of funds. Ground Staff Needs More Training Weak Coordination Among NIA and Expert Institute Nominated for Crop Impact Assessment Non-Delivery of ‘Kjeldhal Distillation System (Model UDK 142) & Titrator (Model Titroline Easy of Scott Germany)’ by M/s Modern Lab. Lahore for which Payment has already been made by UNEP

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