1. Symbiosis and coevolution in insect- microbe communities Nicole Gerardo Emory University, Department of Biology Nancy Lowe, Ben Parker

3. (Kolenbrander et al. Micro and Molec Biol Rev 2002)

4. Beneficial microbes protect their aphid hosts from pathogens and parasites Dr. Nicole Gerardo Emory University, Department of Biology Nancy Lowe, Ben Parker

6. aphids pathogen parasite

7. pathogen parasite

13. aphids pathogen parasite bacteria and viruses fungi parasitoid wasps

14. aphids pathogen parasite image from A.E. Douglas Buchnera aphidicola primary symbiotic bacteria Symbiosis close, long-term interactions between biological species

15. aphids pathogen parasite Serratia symbiotica (SS) Hamiltonella defensa (HD) Regiella insecticola (RI) secondary symbiotic bacteria image from A.E. Douglas

16. Symbiont-conferred protection

17. SSHD SS HD

18. Oliver et al. (2003, PNAS) – Harboring either Serratia symbiotica (SS) or Hamiltonella defensa (HD) increases an aphid’s survival after parasitoid wasp attack. Symbiont-conferred protection RI HD SS no secondary Serratia Hamiltonella Regiella

19. Oliver et al. (2003, PNAS) – Harboring either Serratia symbiotica (SS) or Hamiltonella defensa (HD) increases an aphid’s survival after parasitoid wasp attack. Symbiont-conferred protection RI HD SS no secondary Serratia (SS) Hamiltonella (HD) Regiella (RI) SS HDRI

20. Oliver et al. (2003, PNAS) – Harboring either Serratia symbiotica (SS) or Hamiltonella defensa (HD) increases an aphid’s survival after parasitoid wasp attack. Scarborough et al. (2005, Science) – Harboring Regiella insecticola (RI) protects aphids from Pandora neoaphidis, a fungal pathogen. Symbiont-conferred protection

21. Oliver et al. (2003, PNAS) – Harboring either Serratia symbiotica (SS) or Hamiltonella defensa (HD) increases an aphid’s survival after parasitoid wasp attack. Scarborough et al. (2005, Science) – Harboring Regiella insecticola (RI) protects aphids from Pandora neoaphidis, a fungal pathogen. Gerardo & Moran (in prep) Symbiont-conferred protection Harboring either Serratia symbiotica (SS) or Hamiltonella defensa (HD) increases an aphid’s survival slightly after being fed a bacterial pathogen. survival of symbiotic aphids relative to asymbiotic aphids SSHDRI

22. aphids image from A.E. Douglas