1. Capacitive Reactance Topics Covered in Chapter 17 17-1: Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit 17-2: The Amount of X C Equals 1/(2πfC) 17-3: Series or Parallel Capacitive Reactances 17-4: Ohm's Law Applied to X C 17-5: Applications of Capacitive Reactance 17-6: Sine Wave Charge and Discharge Current Chapter 17

2. 17-1: Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit  Capacitive reactance is the opposition a capacitor offers to the flow of sinusoidal current.  Symbol: X C  Units: Ohms  Formula (this applies only to sine wave circuits): McGraw-Hill© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. X C = 1 2π f C

3. 17-1: Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 17-1: Current in a capacitive circuit. (a) The 4-μF capacitor allows enough current I to light the bulb brightly. (b) Less current with smaller capacitor causes dim light. (c) Bulb cannot light with dc voltage applied because a capacitor blocks the direct current. With a 4-μF capacitor, the bulb lights brightly. The smaller capacitor has more opposition to ac and the bulb is dim. The capacitor blocks dc and the bulb cannot light.

4. 17-1: Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit  Summary:  Alternating current flows in a capacitive circuit with ac voltage applied.  A smaller capacitance allows less current, which means more X C with more ohms of opposition.  Lower frequencies for the applied voltage result in less current and more X C.  With a steady dc voltage source (zero frequency), the capacitor’s opposition is infinite and there is no current. In this case the capacitor is effectively an open circuit.

5. 17-1: Alternating Current in a Capacitive Circuit  Summary, cont.  X C depends on the frequency of the applied voltage and the amount of capacitance.  X C is less for more capacitance.  X C is less for higher frequencies.

6. 17-2: The Amount of X C Equals 1/(2π f C)  Factors Affecting X C  The value of X C is inversely proportional to the value of capacitance:  Increasing C decreases X C  Decreasing C increases X C  The value of X C is inversely proportional to the frequency:  Increasing f decreases X C  Decreasing f increases X C

7. 17-2: The Amount of X C Equals 1/(2π f C)  Summary of the X C Formulas:  When f and C are known:  When X C and f are known:  When X C and C are known: XC =XC = 1 2π f C C =C = 1 2π f X C f = 1 2π C X C

8. 17-3: Series or Parallel Capacitive Reactances  Capacitive reactance is an opposition to ohms, so series or parallel reactances are combined in the same way as resistances.  Combining capacitive reactances is opposite to the way capacitances are combined. The two procedures are compatible because of the inverse relationship between X C and C.

9. 17-3: Series or Parallel Capacitive Reactances  Series Capacitive Reactance:  Total reactance is the sum of the individual reactances. X CT = X C1 + X C2 + X C3 +... + etc.  All reactances have the same current.  The voltage across each reactance equals current times reactance. V C1 = I × X C1

10.  Parallel Capacitive Reactances  Total reactance is found by the reciprocal formula:  All reactances have the same voltage.  The current through each reactance equals voltage divided by reactance. I C = V C / X C 17-3: Series or Parallel Capacitive Reactances 1 X CT = 1 X C1 1 X C2 1 X C3 ++ +... + etc.

11. 17-4: Ohm's Law Applied to X C  Current in an ac circuit with X C alone is equal to the applied voltage divided by the ohms of X C. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 17-6: Example of circuit calculations with X C. (a) With a single X C, the I = V/X C. (b) Sum of series voltage drops equals the applied voltage V T. (c) Sum of parallel branch currents equals total line current I T. I = V/X C = 1 A I = V/X CT = 1/3 A I T = I 1 + I 2 = 1 ½ A

12. 17-5: Applications of Capacitive Reactance  The general use of X C is to block direct current but provide low reactance for alternating current.  Ohms of R remain the same for dc or ac circuits, but X C depends on frequency.  The required C becomes smaller for higher frequencies.

13. 17-5: Applications of Capacitive Reactance Table 17-1Capacitance Values for a Reactance of 100 Ω C (Approx.)FrequencyRemarks 27 μF60 HzPower-line and low audio frequency 1.6 μF1000 HzAudio frequency 0.16 μF10,000 HzAudio frequency 1600 pF1000 kHz (RF)AM radio 160 pF10 MHz (HF)Short-wave radio 16 pF100 MHz (VHF)FM radio

14. 17-5: Applications of Capacitive Reactance  Capacitance  Symbol is C  Unit is F  Value depends on construction  i C = C(dv/dt)  Capacitive Reactance  Symbol is X C  Unit is Ω  Value depends on C and f  X C = v c / i c or 1/(2πfC)  Summary of Capacitance vs. Capacitive Reactance:

15. 17-5: Applications of Capacitive Reactance  Capacitive Reactance  Symbol is X C  Unit is Ω  Value decreases for higher f  Current leads voltage by 90° (Θ = 90°).  Resistance  Symbol is R  Unit is Ω  Value does not change with f  Current and voltage are in phase (Θ = 0°).  Summary of Capacitive Reactance vs. Resistance:

16. 17-6: Sine Wave Charge and Discharge Current Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fig. 17-7: Capacitive charge and discharge currents. (a) Voltage V A increases positive to charge C. (b) The C discharges as V A decreases. (c) Voltage V A increases negative to charge C in opposite polarity. (d) The C discharges as reversed V A decreases. V A is positive and increasing, charging C. V C decreases by discharging. V A increases but in the negative direction. C charges but in reverse polarity. Negative V A decreases and C discharges.

17. 17-6: Sine Wave Charge and Discharge Current  90° Phase Angle  i C leads v C by 90°.  The difference results from the fact that i C depends on the dv/dt rate of change, not v itself.  The ratio of v C / i C specifies the capacitive reactance in ohms.

18. 17-6: Sine Wave Charge and Discharge Current Voltage 0  V inst. = V max x cos  Sine wave Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.