1. Spatially-explicit Greenhouse Gas Emissions from the operation stage of Electric Vehicles in the United States Fan Yang, Xie Yuanyuan, Yelin Deng, Chris Yuan Department of Mechanical Engineering University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee

2. Introduction this study aims to perform a robust and accurate analysis for the whole U.S. from the state level. This study is dedicated to the EVs operational stage modeling GHG emissions in response to travel demand, local electricity generation fuel mix, environmental temperature, and battery replacement rate. A battery capacity fading model is developed in this study to quantitatively estimate the battery replacement rate in each state. This model evaluates the impacts of environmental temperature on battery cycling capacity fading and calendar capacity fading. Fuel economy is also adjusted based on environmental temperature in different states. With the combination of all the factors, The spatially-explicit environmental assessment can be used to determine: (1) GHG emissions from the operation stage of EVs; (2) GHG emissions reductions from the operation stage of EVs; (3) policy implication that could provide an insight of the benefits and drawbacks due to the employment of EVs in each state.

3. Methodology

4. Results