1. Welcome to the second half of 160! Professor Halcoussis Office BB 4257 Office Hours:  Tuesday and Thursday 11:30-12:30  Usually in office after this class  Thursday 6:00-7:00 PM Don’t forget about Dr. Anderson’s Bulletin Board if you have questions and can’t make it to my office hours.

2. Economics 160 Principles of Economics Part 5 Lecture Notes Chapter 13 Department of Economics College of Business and Economics California State University-Northridge Professors Ng, Anderson, and Halcoussis

3. The Costs of Production oThe economic goal of the firm is to maximize profits. oA Firm’s Total Revenue and Total Cost oTotal Revenue oThe amount that the firm receives for the sale of its output. oTotal Cost oThe amount that the firm pays to buy inputs. oA Firm’s Profit oProfit is the firm’s total revenue minus its total cost. oProfit = Total revenue - Total cost

4. Economic vs Accounting Profit Economists include opportunity costs. Consider a doctor in private practice: $200,000 Revenue -75,000 explicit or money costs =$125,000 accounting profit Is this good or bad?

5. Economic vs Accounting Profit 2 What is her opportunity cost? If she could get a job at a hospital for $150,000 a year, then 200,000 Revenue -75,000 explicit or money costs =$125,000 accounting profit -150,000 opportunity cost =-$25,000 economic profit (it’s negative) There is also an opportunity cost to capital (interest payments).

6. Positive, zero, and negative economic profit Positive economic profit=above average rate of return Zero economic profit=covering opportunity cost; making an average amount of accounting profit. Negative economic profit=not covering opportunity cost.

7. A Production Function and Total Cost The production function shows the relationship between quantity of inputs used to make a good and the quantity of output of that good. The marginal product of any input in the production process is the increase in the quantity of output obtained from an additional unit of that input.

8. Diminishing Marginal Product oDiminishing marginal product is the property whereby the marginal product of an input declines as the quantity of the input increases. oExample: As more and more workers are hired at a firm, each additional worker contributes less and less to production because the firm has a limited amount of equipment.

9. A Production Function... Number of Workers Hired Quantity of Output (cookies per hour) 150 140 130 120 110 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 012345 Production function Diminishing Marginal Product The slope of the production function measures the marginal product of an input, such as a worker. When the marginal product declines, the production function becomes flatter.

10. A Production Function and Total Cost The relationship between the quantity a firm can produce and its costs determines pricing decisions. The total-cost curve shows this relationship graphically.

11. Total-Cost Curve... Total Cost $80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 Quantity of Output (cookies per hour) 0 20401401201008060 Total-cost curve

12. Fixed and Variable Costs oCosts of production may be divided into fixed costs and variable costs. oFixed costs are those costs that do not vary with the quantity of output produced. oVariable costs are those costs that do change as the firm alters the quantity of output produced.

13. Family of Total Costs oTotal Fixed Costs (TFC) oTotal Variable Costs (TVC) oTotal Costs (TC) oTC = TFC + TVC

14. Family of Total Costs QuantityTotal CostFixed CostVariable Cost 0$ 3.00 $ 0.00 13.303.000.30 23.803.000.80 34.503.001.50 45.403.002.40 56.503.003.50 67.803.004.80 79.303.006.30 811.003.008.00 912.903.009.90 1015.003.0012.00

15. Average Costs oAverage costs can be determined by dividing the firm’s costs by the quantity of output produced. oThe average cost is the cost of each typical unit of product. oAverage Fixed Costs (AFC) oAverage Variable Costs (AVC) oAverage Total Costs (ATC) oATC = AFC + AVC

16. Family of Average Costs

17. $3.00 Family of Average Costs QuantityAFCAVCATC 0——— 1$0.30$3.30 21.500.401.90 31.000.501.50 40.750.601.35 50.600.701.30 60.500.801.30 70.430.901.33 80.381.001.38 90.331.101.43 100.301.201.50

18. Marginal Cost uMarginal cost (MC) measures the amount total cost rises when the firm increases production by one unit.  Marginal cost helps answer the following question: u How much does it cost to produce an additional unit of output?

19. Marginal Cost

20. Total-Cost Curve... $0.00 $2.00 $4.00 $6.00 $8.00 $10.00 $12.00 $14.00 $16.00 0 24681012 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Total Cost Total-cost curve

21. ATC AVC MC Average-Cost and Marginal-Cost Curves... $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 0 24681012 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Costs AFC

22. Cost Curves and Their Shapes Marginal cost rises with the amount of output produced. u This reflects the property of diminishing marginal product.

23. Cost Curves and Their Shapes $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 024681012 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Costs MC

24. Cost Curves and Their Shapes The average total-cost curve is U-shaped. uAt very low levels of output average total cost is high because fixed cost is spread over only a few units. uAverage total cost declines as output increases. uAverage total cost starts rising because average variable cost rises substantially.

25. Cost Curves and Their Shapes The bottom of the U-shape occurs at the quantity that minimizes average total cost. This quantity is sometimes called the efficient scale of the firm.

26. Cost Curves and Their Shapes $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 024681012 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Total Costs ATC

27. Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost uWhenever marginal cost is less than average total cost, average total cost is falling. uWhenever marginal cost is greater than average total cost, average total cost is rising.

28. Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost The marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at the efficient scale. u Efficient scale is the quantity that minimizes average total cost.

29. MC ATC Relationship Between Marginal Cost and Average Total Cost $0.00 $0.50 $1.00 $1.50 $2.00 $2.50 $3.00 $3.50 024681012 Quantity of Output (glasses of lemonade per hour) Costs

30. The Various Measures of Cost It is now time to examine the relationships that exist between the different measures of cost.

31. The Various Measures of Cost Big Bob’s Bagel Bin

32. Big Bob’s Cost Curves... $0.00 $2.00 $4.00 $6.00 $8.00 $10.00 $12.00 $14.00 $16.00 $18.00 $20.00 0246810121416 Quantity of Output (bagels per hour) Total Cost Total Cost Curve

33. AFC AVC MC Big Bob’s Cost Curves... 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 0246810121416 Quantity of Output Costs ATC

34. Three Important Properties of Cost Curves uMarginal cost eventually rises with the quantity of output. uThe average-total-cost curve is U-shaped. uThe marginal-cost curve crosses the average-total-cost curve at the minimum of average total cost.

35. Costs in the Long Run u For many firms, the division of total costs between fixed and variable costs depends on the time horizon being considered. u In the short run some costs are fixed. u In the long run fixed costs become variable costs.

36. Costs in the Long Run Because many costs are fixed in the short run but variable in the long run, a firm’s long-run cost curves differ from its short- run cost curves.

37. Average Total Cost in the Short and Long Runs... Quantity of Cars per Day 0 Average Total Cost ATC in short run with small factory ATC in short run with medium factory ATC in short run with large factory ATC in long run

38. Economies and Diseconomies of Scale uEconomies of scale occur when long- run average total cost declines as output increases. uDiseconomies of scale occur when long-run average total cost rises as output increases. uConstant returns to scale occur when long-run average total cost does not vary as output increases.

39. Economies and Diseconomies of Scale Diseconomies of scale Quantity of Cars per Day 0 Average Total Cost ATC in long run Economies of scale Constant Returns to scale