1. UNIT 11 CATEGORILLA TOP TEN MANUFACTURING SUPERPOWERS

2. GROUNDING IN INDUSTRY INDUSTRY refers to the manufacturing of goods in a factory. INPUTS are the component parts or raw materials that a manufacturer assembles into a product. A PRODUCT (also called a GOOD) is the end result of the manufacturing process, the item made for sale.

3. GROUNDING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION For much of human history, industry was highly dispersed across the landscape. People made most goods in their homes (COTTAGE INDUSTRIES) or traded for them in local villages. The INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION began in the late 1800s in N. England and S. Scotland and was a series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods. The improved technology greatly increased productivity and wealth, which also increased the standard of living and kicked off stage 2 of the DemTrans. Farms got machines, excess farmers moved to cities to work in factories. Wealth began to spread… better living conditions, better nutrition from farms, better sanitation systems, better hygiene and medicine… LESS DEATH James Watt’s steam engine was crucial to the IR. It could supply more power more efficiently than watermills, and induced firms to move all steps of a manufacturing process into a single building powered by them.

4. GROUNDING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IMPACTS COALIRONTEXTILES Coal fueled the engines and ovens: wood was scarce in the UK, coal replaced it. Many industries used coke (purified coal carbon). The iron industry adopted the steam engine and iron finally became a feasible material. Henry Cort developed a modern forge to shape the iron. Transformed from cottage industries to industrial mills when Richard Arkwright developed a machine to untangle cotton before spinning. TRANSPORTATION Rail / canals enabled factories to transport bulky, raw materials to factories and products to markets. Systems developed in UK but faltered in Europe due to a lack of cooperation between states. CHEMICALS Chemicals for bleaching and dying textiles were developed using acids released by burning coal. FOOD PROCESSING Nicholas Appert developed a food canning process to help feed factory workers.

5. GROUNDING INDUSTRIAL REGIONS The Industrial Revolution spread from Great Britain to Europe and then from there to others countries (in varying degrees) over time. 75% of the world’s manufacturing is still concentrated in Europe, North America and East Asia. Brazil and India are the next largest producers.

6. GROUNDING INDUSTRIAL REGIONS EUROPE Several areas developed during the 1800s and early 1900s.

7. GROUNDING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION North America Industry started later (1791) but grew faster after the US imposed embargos on European trade to avoid the Napoleonic wars. By 1860, the US was the second largest industrial nation. Manufacturing concentrated in the NE because it had the most developed INFRASTRUCTURE of any region and iron and coal deposits were concentrated there.

8. GROUNDING THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION EAST ASIA Japanese industry became a central power in the 1950s and 1960s. Chinese industry began to become a major player in the 1990s. South Korea “puuled a Japan” and focused on export manufacturing. The country is a leader in producing ocean- going ships and has several automobile on the US market. All three regions lack essential raw materials and are isolated from world markets but have an abundance of labor willing to work for low wages.

9. GROUNDING CURRENT INDUSTRIAL SUPERPOWERS 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

10. GROUNDING THE DATA