1. 12007 Introduction in Telecommunication (121009) Chris Roeloffzen Chair: Telecommunication engineering (EWI) Floor 8 HOGEKAMP EL/TN building (north) Telephone 489 2804 E-mail: c.g.h.roeloffzen@el.utwente.nl

2. 22007 Contents of the course Book: Electronic Communications Systems W. Tomasi. Prentice Hall, 5th edition, 2004 ISBN: 0-13-049492-5 For up-to-date information see: www.el.utwente.nl/tel/education/

3. 32007 Contents of the course Lecture 1 - 3: Introduction Chapter 1: Introduction to Electronic Communications Chapter 2: Signal Analysis and Mixing Lecture 4 - 7: CW modulation Chapter 4: Amplitude modulation, Transmission Chapter 5: Amplitude modulation, Reception Chapter 6: Single-side banded Communication Systems Chapter 7: Angle Modulation Transmission Chapter 8: Angle Modulation Receivers Lecture 8 - 11: Media Chapter 12: Metallic Transmission Lines Chapter 14: Electromagnetic Wave Propagation Chapter 15: Antennas Chapter 13: Optical Fibers Lecture 12 - 14: Digital Communication Chapter 9: Digital Modulation Chapter 10: Digital Transmission Lecture 15 & 16: ????????????????? For specific information see: www.el.utwente.nl/te/education/education.htm

4. 42007 Today: Lecture 1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Electronic Communications

5. 52007 Chapter 1 What is Telecommunication? Transmission and Networks Milestones Signal transmission and Media Modulation and Demodulation The Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum Bandwidth and Information Capacity Noise Analysis

6. 62007 Introduction What is Telecommunication ?????? What are the three main components in a communication system? Give some information signals Any transmission, emission, or reception of signs, signals, writing, images and sound or intelligence of any nature by wire, radio, optical or other electromagnetic systems. ITU-1989

7. 72007 Communication Networks Point to point Mesh network

8. 82007 Milestones Samuel Morse:1837telegraph

9. 92007 Samuel Morse:1837telegraph Alexander Bell:1876telephone Milestones

10. 102007 Samuel Morse:1837telegraph Alexander Bell:1876telephone Marconi:1895wireless telegraph not the inventor of Radio Nikola Tesla<1895:Inventor of Radio Milestones

11. 112007 Samuel Morse:1837telegraph Alexander Bell:1876telephone Marconi:1895wireless telegraph not the inventor of Radio Nikola Tesla<1895:Inventor of Radio Lee De Forest1907:triode vacuum tube ‘Audion’ (amplifier) Milestones

12. 122007 Samuel Morse:1837telegraph Alexander Bell:1876telephone Marconi:1895wireless telegraph not the inventor of Radio Nikola Tesla<1895:Inventor of Radio Lee De Forest1907:triode vacuum tube 1920: Commercial AM radio broadcast Milestones

13. 132007 Samuel Morse:1837telegraph Alexander Bell:1876telephone Marconi:1895wireless telegraph not the inventor of Radio Nikola Tesla<1895:Inventor of Radio Lee De Forest1907:triode vacuum tube 1920: Commercial AM radio broadcast 1939: First FM radio broadcast ‘Alphine New Jersey by Edwin Armstrong Milestones

14. 142007 P in P out V I R What is the advantage of using dB ???????????????? Power Measurements (dB, dBm)

15. 152007 P in P out Power Measurements (dB, dBm)

16. 162007 Signal transmission (1) Information source (intelligence) TransmitterReceiver Received Information System noise and interference Transmission medium or Communications channel Copper cable (coax, UTP) Optical fiber cable Free space (Radio)

17. 172007 Signal transmission (2) Low-frequency source information (analog or digital) Modulator and frequency up- converter Transmission medium (channel) High- frequency oscillator Amplif ier Frequency down- converter High-frequency local oscillator Power amplifier Filter Transmitter Receiver

18. 182007 Transmission media and products

19. 192007 Adaptation to the media Reasons are a.o. Necessity:transmission frequency range Efficiency:multiplexing Quality:e.g. due to noise, interference Example: Microwave transmission of AM Radio frequency power 500 kHz power frequency Modulation

20. 202007 Change parameters of a carrier Information signal: A c (t) f c (t)  (t) A c (t) : amplitude modulationAM ASK f c (t) : frequency modulationFM FSK  (t) : phase modulationPM PSK A c (t) and  (t)  QAM (Digital) Modulation principle DigitalAnalog

21. 212007 Demodulation principle Recovering of information signal from the received modulated transmission signal Example: AM:transmitted signal Demodulation:multiply with in the receiver

22. 222007 Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum Frequency : f [Hertz] Wavelength: [m] c : velocity of light: 3 10 8 m/sec f 1 kHz  3 10 5 m 100 kHz  3 10 3 m 10 MHz  3 10 1 m = 30 m 1 GHz  3 10 -1 m = 30 cm

23. 232007 Electromagnetic Frequency Spectrum

24. 242007

25. 252007 Bandwidth and information capacity (1) Hartleys law1920 I =amount of information B =system bandwidth (Hertz) t =transmission time (seconds) The book is wrong!!!!!!

26. 262007 Shannon limit for information capacity I =information capacity (bits per second) B =system bandwidth (Hertz) S/N =signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless) Bandwidth and information capacity (2)

27. 272007 Example: Standard telephony B =2,7 kHz Bandwidth and information capacity

28. 282007 Example: Standard telephony B =2,7 kHz Bandwidth and information capacity

29. 292007 Noise S/N =signal-to-noise power ratio (dimensionless) With a given bandwidth a system has a larger capacity if the S/N ratio is larger In a practical system noise is always present Noise- internal (generated within the device) - external (generated outside the device)

30. 302007 Noise Correlated noise:Related to signal Uncorrelated noise: Not related to signal

31. 312007 Noise Correlated noise Nonlinear distortion Harmonic distortion Intermodulation distortion Uncorrelated noise External Atmospheric Extraterrestrial Solar Cosmic Man-made Impulse Interference Internal Thermal noise (random movement of electrons) Shot (random arrival of carriers) Transient time

32. 322007 Thermal Noise (white noise) N = noise power (watts) B = bandwidth (hertz) K = Boltzmann’s proportionality constant (1.38 10 -23 Joules per kelvin) T = absolute temperature (kelvin) -Random -Continuous spectral density -Additive -Present in all devices

33. 332007 Noise voltage

34. 342007 Signal-to-Noise Ratio P s = signal power (watts) P n = noise power (watts) Or expressed in decibel

35. 352007 Ideal amplifier A p Nonideal amplifier A p, N d Noise in Amplifier

36. 362007 Noise Factor and Noise Figure F = noise factor (no dimension) NF = noise figure (dB)

37. 372007 F T = total noise factor (dimensionless) NF T = total noise figure (dB) Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Cascade

38. 382007 F T = total noise factor (dimensionless) NF T = total noise figure (dB) Noise Factor and Noise Figure of Cascade

39. 392007 Noise Temperature T = environmental temperature (290 Kelvin) N = noise power (watts) K = Boltzmann’s constant (1.38 10 -23 J/K) B = total noise factor (hertz) T e = equivalent noise temperature T = environmental temperature (290 Kelvin) F = noise factor (dimensionless)