1. After-Tax Economic Analysis Gross Income (GI) – total income realized from all revenue-producing sources, including items such as the sales of assets, royalties, license fees, etc… Income Tax – amount of taxes based on gross income. Corporate taxes are typically paid quarterly, and are actual cash flows. Operating Expenses (E) – all corporate costs incurred in the transaction of business.

2. After-Tax Economic Analysis Taxable Income (TI) – the amount upon which taxes are based. TI = GI – E – D Where D is depreciation defined in previous lecture. Tax Rate (T) – percentage of TI owed in taxes. This rate is graduated, based on TI. Net Profit after taxes (NPAT) – amount remaining each year when income taxes are subtracted from taxable income. NPAT = TI – TI(T)

3. After-Tax Economic Analysis Corporate Federal Income Tax Rate Schedule (2000) TI LimitsTI RangeTax Rate T Maximum Tax for TI Range Maximum Tax Incurred $1-$50,000$50,0000.15$7,500 $50,001-$75,00025,0000.256,25013,750 $75,001-$100,00025,0000.348,50022,250 $100,001-$335,000235,0000.3991,650113,900 $335,001-$10 mil9.665 mil0.343.2861 mil3.4 mil over $10 - $15 mil5 mil0.351.75 mil5.15 mil over $15 - $18.33 mil3.33 mil0.381.267 mil6.417 mil over $18.33 milunlimited0.35unlimited Graduated tax rate schedule

4. After-Tax Economic Analysis Average Tax Rate – because the marginal tax rate varies as TI varies, the average tax rate is calculate as: Ave tax rate = total taxes / TI Effective Tax Rate (T e ) – the total rate paid by corporations, including federal, state and local taxes. Note state taxes can be deducted from federal taxes. So: T e = state rate + (1-state rate)( federal rate)

5. After-Tax Economic Analysis CFBT – vs – CFAT Cash flow before tax (CBFT) – all cash flows throughout the year without considering taxes. Note, all our PW, FW, AW analysis to this point have been CBFT cash flows. CBFT = GI – E – P – S where P is initial investments and S is salvage. Cash flow after tax (CFAT) – includes the cash flow impact of taxes. CFAT = CFBT - taxes

6. After-Tax Economic Analysis CFBT – vs – CFAT Knowing CFAT = CFBT – taxes; Taxes are calculated taking depreciation (D) into account, however depreciation is not a cash flow, but taxes are. Taxes = TI(T e ) TI = GI – E – D CFAT = GI – E – P + S – (GI – E – D)(T e )

7. After-Tax Economic Analysis Example 17.3 from Book Cash Flow Before Taxes YearGIRP and SCFBT 0($550,000) 1$200,000($90,000)$110,000 2$200,000($90,000)$110,000 3$200,000($90,000)$110,000 4$200,000($90,000)$110,000 5$200,000($90,000)$110,000 6$200,000($90,000)$150,000$260,000 Total$260,000 Cash Flow After Taxes YearGIRP and SDTITaxesCFAT 0($550,000) 1$200,000($90,000)$110,000$0 $110,000 2$200,000($90,000)$176,000($66,000)($23,100)$133,100 3$200,000($90,000)$105,600$4,400$1,540$108,460 4$200,000($90,000)$63,360$46,640$16,324$93,676 5$200,000($90,000)$63,360$46,640$16,324$93,676 6$200,000($90,000)$150,000$31,680$78,320$27,412$232,588 Total$550,000$221,500

8. After-Tax Economic Analysis Capital Gains (CG) Occurs when selling price is greater than first cost: Capital gain = selling price – first cost CG = SP – P Depreciation Recovery (DR) Occurs when a depreciable asset is sold for more than the current book value. Depreciation recapture = selling price – book value DR = SP – BV t Capital Loss (CL) Occurs when a depreciable asset is disposed of for less than its current book value. CL = BV t - SP

9. After-Tax Economic Analysis 0$ BV P SP DR CG When selling price exceeds first cost then both a capital gain and a depreciation recovery occur. 0$ BV SP P DR When selling price exceeds book value but is less than he first cost then a depreciation recovery occurs.

10. After-Tax Economic Analysis 0$ SP BV P CL When selling price is below book value a capital loss occurs.

11. After-Tax Economic Analysis Considering capital gains, depreciation recovery and capital losses, TI = gross income – expenses – depreciation + depreciation recapture + capital gains – capital loss TI = GI – E – D + DR + CG - CL

12. After-Tax Economic Analysis After-tax MARR 1 - T e After-Tax PW and AW Analysis Relationship between before-tax MARR and after- tax MARR: Before-tax MARR = T e for corporations is often between 30 and 50%.

13. After-Tax Economic Analysis After-Tax PW and AW Analysis Approach 1: Find the PW or AW of an alternative using the CFAT and the After-tax MARR. That alternative with the largest PW (AW) is chosen. Note, PW must use LCM (least common multiple of years).

14. After-Tax Economic Analysis Using cash flows from Example 17.3, and an after-tax MARR of 7%, the PW Of this alternative is: PW = - $500,000 + $110,000(P/F, 7%, 1) + $133,100(P/F, 7%, 2) + $108,460(P/F, 7%, 3) + $ 93,676(P/F, 7%, 4) + $ 93,676(P/F, 7%, 5) + $232,588(P/F, 7%, 6) YearCFAT 0($550,000) 1$110,000 2$133,100 3$108,460 4$93,676 5 6$232,588 Total$221,500