2. Chapter 25 Porcine Endoparasites and Ectoparasites
Dr. Dipa Brahmbhatt VMD, MPH, MS

3. Reading Assignment
Chapter 25: Common Porcine Diseases

4. ECTOPARASITES

5. Sarcoptes scabiei – Mange mite
LC: 3 weeks
CS: pruritis and papules.
Dx: Skin scrapings
Tx: Ivermectin
ZOONOTIC

6. Haematopinus suis – Hog Louse
Pediculosis, host specific, contagious
LC: 3 weeks
CS: pruritis
Dx: check skin
Tx: Amitraz, Ivermectin
Prevention: Hygiene

7. Figure 7-4 A, Thousands of nits can be cemented by female lice to the haircoat of domesticated animals. This calf’s tail contains thousands of nits. B, Pediculosis can be defined as infestation by either chewing or sucking lice, in this case, Haematopinus suis infestation in a pig. C, Appearance of operculated nits viewed by compound microscope.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

8. Endoparasites

9. Ascaris suum - roundworm
Ascariasis
LC: 8 weeks
CS: unthriftiness, failure to gain weight, rough hair coat, pendulous abdomen, chronic paroxysmal coughing and occasionally, abdominal expiratory dyspnea (“thumping”).
Dx: fecal flotation, worms – intestines, milk spots - liver
Tx: Ivermectin, fenbendazole, dichlorvos, doramectin, hygromycin, levamisole, piperazine
ZOONOTIC: ingestion of eggs
Picture Credit: (original image no longer available) Image: Ascaris suum in small intestine of pig.

11. Figure 6-48 Characteristic ovum of Ascaris suum, the swine ascarid or the large intestinal roundworm of pigs. The eggs are oval and golden brown, with a thick, albuminous shell bearing prominent projections. They measure 70 to 89 µm by 37 to 40 µm.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

12. Trichuris suis - whipworm
PPP: 6 weeks
CS: diarrhea, unthriftiness
Dx: fecal flotation, adults - LI
Tx: Ivermectin, dichlorvos, hygromycin, levamisole, fenbendazole

13. Strongyloides ransomi - threadworm
PPP: 7 days
CS: severe diarrhea: 10 – 14 days with high mortality
Dx: fecal flotation
Tx: Ivermectin, dichlorvos, hygromycin, fenbendazole

14. Eimeria spp. - coccidia PPP: 14 days CS: piglets: enterocolitis
Dx: fecal flotation
Tx: piglets – sulfamethazine; sows - decoquinate

15. Isospora suis - coccidia
PPP: 14 days
CS: piglets: 6 – 21 days, stunted, mortality
Dx: fecal flotation
Tx: piglets – sulfamethazine; sows - decoquinate

16. Figure 6-52 Oocyst of Isospora suis.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

17. Metastrongylus spp. – Lung worm
PPP: 1 month
CS: coughing, poor growth
Dx: fecal flotation; Adults - LI
Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole

18. Lung of pig showing lesions caused by lungworm (Metastrongylus).

19. Oesophagostomum dentatum – nodular worm
PPP: 40 days
CS: asymptomatic, nodules – gut: enteritis
Dx: fecal flotation; Adults – LI
Condemnation intestine
Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, fenbendazole, levamisole, pyrantel tartrate, hygromycin, dichlorvos

20. Ascarops strongylina – stomach worm
PPP: 6 weeks
Dung beetle: intermediate host
CS: nonpathogenic
Dx: fecal sedimentation; Adults – stomach
Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin, dichlorvos
Ascarops strongylina, egg. Courtesy of Dr. Dietrich Barth, Merial

21. Stephanurus dentatus – kidney worm
PPP: 8 – 16 months
CS: loss of weight, condemnation organs – migrating larvae
Dx: eggs – urine sedimentation; adults – cysts perirenal fat and pelvis of kidney; larvae - liver
Tx: Ivermectin, doramectin

23. Figure 6-53 Egg of Stephanurus dentatus, the swine kidney worm
Figure 6-53 Egg of Stephanurus dentatus, the swine kidney worm. These eggs are strongyle type; that is, they are oval, thin-shelled eggs containing 4 to 16 cells and measuring 90 to 120 µm by 43 to 70 µm. Eggs can be recovered from the urine by urine sedimentation.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

24. Trichinella spiralis – Trichina worm
LC: 4 days; 20 days for larvae to be infective
Dx: necopsy
Tx: none, don’t feed uncooked garbage to pigs, cook all meat to recommended temperature and time
ZOONOTIC: ingestion of raw meat

25. Taenia solium – Pork tapeworm
Taeniasis, cysticercosis
LC: 2 months, swine intermediate host
Dx: necopsy – cysterci; serologic test – humans/ pigs; eggs feces - humans
Tx: none, don’t feed human feces, cook all meat to recommended temperature and time
ZOONOTIC: ingestion of raw meat
Taenia solium cysticerci in the masseter muscle of an adult pig.
(Photo courtesy of Dr. A. Lee Willingham III, WHO/FAO Collaborating Center for Parasitic Zoonoses, Denmark

26. Balantidium coli Protozoa LC: 6 – 14 days CS: mild – severe enteritis
Dx: necopsy - LI ; fecal flotation
Tx: Tetracycline, metronidazole
ZOONOTIC

27. Figure 6-51 A, Balantidium coli of swine in histopathologic section
Figure 6-51 A, Balantidium coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at low magnification. Note that B. coli is quite large and easily visible (arrows). B, B. coli of swine in histopathologic section. This photomicrograph was taken at higher magnification than A.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

28. Figure 6-50 Trophozoite stage of Balantidium coli, the “ciliated protozoan” found in the large intestine of swine. The trophozoites may be 150 by 120 µm, with a sausage- to kidney-shaped macronucleus. They are covered with numerous rows of cilia and move about the microscopic field with lively motility. The cyst is spherical to ovoid and 40 to 60 µm in diameter, with a slight greenish-yellow color.
(From Hendrix CM, Robinson E: Diagnostic parasitology for veterinary technicians, ed 3, St Louis, 2006, Mosby.)

29. Treatments

30. References
K Holtgrew-Bohling , Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 2nd Edition, Mosby, 2012, ISBN:
Laboratory procedures for Veterinary Technicians, 5th edition, 2007, Hendrix C.M; Sirois M.

31. References http://www.ecvpath.org/october-2008/